The Yellow Wallpaper Gender Roles Essay Example For Students

The Yellow Wallpaper Gender Roles Essay Gender RolesChildren learn from their parents and society the conception offeminine and masculine. Much about these conceptions is not biological atall but cultural. The way we tend to think about men and women and their genderroles in society constitute the prevailing paradigm that influences out thinking. Riane Eisler points out that the prevailing paradigm makes it difficult for usto analyze properly the roles of men and women in prehistory we have a culturalbias that we bring to the effort and that colors our decision-making processes.Sexism is the result of that bias imposed by our process of acculturation. Gender roles in Western societies have been changing rapidly in recentyears, with the changes created both by evolutionary changes in society,including economic shifts which have altered the way people work and indeedwhich people work as more and more women enter the workforce, and by perhapspressure brought to make changes because of the perception that the traditionalsocial structure was inequitable. Gender relations are a part of thesocialization process, the initiation given the young by society, teaching themcertain values and creating in them certain behavior patterns acceptable totheir social roles. These roles have been in a state of flux in Americansociety in recent years, and men and women today can be seen as having expandedtheir roles in society, with women entering formerly male dominions and menfinding new ways to relate to and function in the family unit. We will write a custom essay on The Yellow Wallpaper Gender Roles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When I was growing up a woman was never heard of having a job other thana school teacher or seamstress. Our(womens)job was to take careof the house. We had a big garden out back from which we got mostof our vegetablesA garden is a lot of work you knowWe also had tomake clothes when there were none to be had(hand-me- downs)Gender can be defined as a social identity consisting of the role aperson is to play because of his or her sex. There is a diversity in male andfemale roles, making it impossible to define gender in terms of narrow male andfemale roles. Gender is culturally defined, with significant differences fromculture to culture. These differences are studied by anthropologists toascertain the range of behaviors that have developed to define gender and on theforces at work in the creation of these roles. The role of women in Americansociety was conditioned by religious attitudes and by the conditions of lifethat prevailed through much of American history. The culture of Europe andAmerica was based for centuries on a patriarchal system in which exclusiveownership of the female by a given male was considered important, with theresult that women were regulated to the role of property with no voice in theirown fate. The girl-child was trained from birth to fit the role awaiting her,and as long as compensations were adequate, women were relatively content:For Example, if in return for being a mans property a woman receiveseconomic security, a full emotional life centering around husband and children,and an opportunity to express her capacities in the management of her home, shehas little cause for discontent.While this statement is arguable in the way it assumes that women arenot discontented under such circumstances, it is clear that for most of historywomen were expected to be content with this sort of life and were trained forthat purpose. Clearly, circumstances of family life have changed in the modernera. Industry has been taken out of the home, and large families are no longereconomically possible or socially desired. The home is no longer the center ofthe husbands life, and for the traditional wife there is only a narrowing ofinterests and possibilities for development: Increasingly, the woman findsherself without an occupation and with an unsatisfactory emotional life.Thechange in sex roles that can be discerned in society is closely tied withchanges in the structure of the family. Changes in both family structure andsex roles over the last century have produced the ferment we still see today,and one of the problems with the changing role of women is the degree to whichsociety perceives this is causing unwanted changes in the family, though it isjust as true that changes in the family have altered the roles of women. .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0 , .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0 .postImageUrl , .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0 , .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0:hover , .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0:visited , .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0:active { border:0!important; } .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0:active , .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0 .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: English language arts EssayAs women entered the early 1990s, they faced a number of problems. Most of these problems have been around for some time, and women have challengedthem and even alleviated them without solving them completely. They areencountered in the workplace, in the home, in every facet of life. Women havemade advances toward the equality they seek only to encounter a backlash in theform of religious fundamentalism, claims of reverse discrimination by males, andhostility from a public that thinks the womens movement has won everything itwanted and should thus now be silent. Both the needs of women today and thebacklash that has developed derive from the changes in social and sexual rolesthat have taken place in the period since World War II. These changes involvethe new ability of women to break out of the gender roles created for them by apatriarchal society. The desperation women feel has been fed throughout history by thepractice of keeping women in their place by limiting their options. This wasaccomplished on one level by preventing women from gaining their the sort ofeducation offered to men, and while this has changed to a great extent, thereare still inequalities in the opportunities offered to men as opposed to women. Susan Brownmiller writes:The sad history of prohibitions on womens learning is too well known tobe recorded here. . . In much of the world women are barred from advancedknowledge and technical trainingYet opening the world of business with new opportunities for women does notdissipate much of this frustration because both men and women continue to beruled by their early training, by the acculturation process which decides forthem what sort of existence they will have. This can result in feelings ofguilt when their reality and the image they have been taught from childhood donot mesh. It would be a mistake to see changing gender roles in society asthreatening only to males who dominate that society. Such changes also threatenmany women who have accepted more traditional roles and see change as a threat. I dont know how your mother does it all. . . I think time are harder for womenthese days. . . so many choices.This response is not new. When women firstunited for the right to vote at the beginning of this century, they were opposedby womens groups who wanted things to remain as they were. Many of these womenwere ladies of means and social position in society:The main burden of their argument was that woman suffrage placed anadditional and unbearable burden on women, whose place was in the home. . . These arguments are heard today from religious fundamentalists who believe thatthe womens movement is a threat to the family. The fact is that the family haschanged and that the traditional family structure of homemaker, husband asbreadwinner, and children bow constitutes only 10 percent of families. The rolefor women has expanded with more women in the workplace and with a variety offamily structures with new roles for all members of the family. Business hasbeen slow to change and to acknowledge the new family, and for all thecomplaints about the womens movement as anti-family, the movement has insteadfollowed the trend of placing the family in the forefront of addressing familyissues as vital to women. There is much evidence that boys and girls are treated differently formbirth, and this fact has been noted in every world culture:It may never be possible to separate out the precise effects ofphysiology and cultural conditioning on human beings. Not only do theyindividually influence people but they interact with each other and with eachpersons unique essence to affect human behavior. To accord with the reality ofthis complex interplay of factors, and to accord with an increasingly complexexternal world, feminists ask simply for options in life styles. .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4 , .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4 .postImageUrl , .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4 , .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4:hover , .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4:visited , .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4:active { border:0!important; } .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4:active , .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4 .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Interpersonal Communication EssayThose stuck in sexism, however, cannot grant even the simple request to ask whywomen are inferior. The reason sexism exists at all is because of anacculturation process which subtly creates it, and it is perpetuated in part forthat reason and also because perceived changes in the roles and status of womencreate a backlash based on fear of change. Surveys have shown that identical resumes or scholarly articles arerated lower if the applicant is though to be a woman rather than a man: Manssuccess is more likely to be attributed to ability and womans to luck.Whileadvances have been made over the last decade, the challenge remains for the next,and as long as women constitute small minorities in nontraditional employmentcontexts, substantial obstacles will remain.The women in the workplace mustwork harder to succeed than their male counterparts, and once they havesucceeded they have to deal with the envy and anxiety this arouses. Women whodo not advance only confirm the stereotype for others:The perception remains that women cant make it by conventionalstandards, or are less committed to doing so. In either event, they donot seem to warrant the same investment in training, assistance,and promotion opportunities as their male counterparts. Feminist theorists have been calling for some time for a change in thepolitical climate. They want more than just more women in office and thepolitical arena; they want a new type of political thinking, one that empowerspeople rather than government and that addresses the issues that are ofimportance to men and women:If we can eliminate the false polarities and appreciate the limits andtrue potential of womens power, we will be able to join with menfollow or leadin the new human politics that must emerge beyondreaction. This new human liberation will enable us to take back theday and the night, and use the precious and limited resources of ourearth and the limitless resources of our human capital to erect new kinds ofhomes for all our dreams. . . The perception the public has had on the role of men and women isoutdated and has been for some time, but public attitudes change slowly even inthe face of overwhelming evidence. More than 40 years ago, anthropologistMargaret Mead noted the way the West had developed its concept of male andfemale:There has long been a habit in Western civilization of men to havea picture of womanhood to which women reluctantly conformed,and for women to make demands on man to which men adjustedeven more reluctantly. This has been a accurate picture of the way inwhich we have structured our society, with women as keepers of thehouse who insist that the man wipe their feet on the door-mat, and menas keepers of women in the house who insist that their wivesshould stay modestly indoors. Today, people are far less willing to accept these artificial roles evenreluctantly, and this includes the provision keeping women in the home and outof the public arena. To have more women in office it is necessary to have morewomen run. As noted, public views change more slowly than the reality of genderroles. They will continue to change slowly as long as we continue acculturatingchildren with the same sexual stereotypes that have so long prevailed. It isnecessary that we address this issue from early childhood, with parentsdemonstrating a different view of gender and sexual roles just as the school andchurch should take a part in eliminating the old stereotypes in favor of a morereasonable and equitable way to view both men and women. Social Issues

20 Argumentative Essay Topics on Gender Studies

20 Argumentative Essay Topics on Gender Studies Writing an essay can be quite difficult when you are tasked with crafting a topic that defines the direction of your essay. So do not feel defeated when such an assignment is assigned to you on the broad subject of gender studies. Due to the fact that we are always here to help you come up with hard-hitting topics with the potential to re-orientate your entire project. Writing on gender studies is definitely fun and the enlightenment you receive on society as a whole after conducting your research can be refreshing to your world view. So once again, we will attempt to simplify your task by providing you with 20 causal argument essay topics on gender status. This will be followed by a written essay sample using one of the outlined topics for inspiration in order to provide you with a template for writing a causal argumentative essay. Our 20 Exciting Causal Argumentative Essay Topics on Gender Status Discussing the Diverse Disciplines under Gender Studies and Their Roles in Society The Importance of Women’s Studies to Furthering the Role of the Girl-child in Modern Society Why Man Studies as an Interdisciplinary of Gender Studies Must Be Taken Seriously Analyzing Gender Roles and Acceptance in Today’s Workforce Understanding Women Marginalization in the Corporate World and its Historical Context The Role of Gender Studies in Ensuring Equal Education for all Genders, Ethnic Groups and Races The Womens Suffrage Movement and its Role in Pushing Equality in the Corporate World Analyzing the Role of Ethnicity in Defining an Individual’s Ability to Earn Analyzing the Roles of Gender and the Pay Disparity Problem in Today’s Society Gender Studies: Championing the Cause for Reducing the Education Gap between Men and Women Leveraging Gender Studies and Its Ability to Curb Domestic Violence by all Genders Analyzing Woman Suffrage, Domestic Violence and the Role of Women Studies Analyzing the Role of Gender Studies and Its Potential to Reduce Sexual Violence against Women Woman Studies: Understanding the Impact of Sexual and Physical Violence on the Girl-Child. Analyzing the Impact of Sexual Violence on the Mental Well-being of Women Discussing the Refugee Situation and its Effects on Women Worldwide Discussing the Role of Women Studies in Driving the Creation of Man Studies as an Academic Discipline Gender in Academia: Analyzing the Disparities in the Number of Men and Women in Research Roles Gender in Politics: Analyzing the Disparities in the Number of Men and Women in Political Positions Gender in Health Care: Analyzing the Issues Women Face in Receiving Adequate Healthcare These are 20 topics we promised and as you can see they spread across every facet of gender studies. This was done in order to make it quite easy for you to choose a topic that aligns with your interests. Next, a causal argumentative essay will be written using one of the outlined topics to provide further directions for writing your essay. Sample Paper on Analyzing Gender Roles and Acceptance in Today’s Workforce Picture this. In 2015, only 50% of qualified women, with either an education or some qualification, were a part of the world’s entire workforce while 77% of employable men were employed and the mentioned percentage is twice more than the same number in 1995. I believe it is important to note that this figure also reverberates around other spheres of the world’s everyday activities. Since the beginning of time, women have gotten a raw deal in terms of integration and acceptance in the corporate world. The academic field of gender studies have championed this cause by shedding light on the disparities as well as the reduced role the average woman plays even when she is as qualified candidate as other men are. This essay is an attempt to show that despite the inclusion policy instituted by most governments and institutions the numbers are still skewed against women and this shouldn’t be so. I’ll start by using the Orients as an example. In Saudi Arabia, the unemployment rate between men and women are quite startling. Current figures put men unemployment at 7% while women unemployment is at a 34% high and climbing. While some westerners might say this statistics is confined to the Saudis’, statistics from the US department of Labour shows that women are marginalized in the workplace in one way or the other regardless of location. These statistics includes the fact that the average woman earns 77 cents to a man’s dollar. Taking into account ethnicity and race pushes this ration to a lower and more absurd rate. The average African-American woman earns 64 cents to a Caucasian male dollar while a Latina woman earns 56% to the dollar. Going further to analyse women’s role in workforces that claim to see women as assets, other startling figures reveal themselves. A study conducted on the SP positions worldwide unearthed the fact that women occupy just 4.8% off senior positions in the corporate world. Considering the fact that a lot of women have the qualifications and expertise to occupy these roles, it is only normal to deduce that other factors than expertise play a role in how far any gender rises in the corporate world. It is a sad fact that women are viewed as second class citizens in corporate America as well as the rest of the world. To understand the social, historical and patriarchal reasons that makes this so falls under the domain of gender studies. This is why it is recommended that some sections or aspects of gender studies are integrated into mainstream education to raise the awareness worldwide. Here we come to the end of the second article in this installment covering the writing of a causal argumentative essay on gender studies. For further reading, we recommend checking out these articles: 10 facts for a causal argument essay on introduction to gender studies as well as receiving tips on writing a causal argument essay on introduction to gender studies. References: Probyn, E. (2001). Teaching in the Field: Gender and Feminist Media Studies. Feminist Media Studies, 1(1), pp.35-39. Gilligan, C. and Machoian, L. (2002). Learning to Speak the Language A Relational Interpretation or an Adolescent Girls Suicidality. Studies in Gender and Sexuality, 3(3), pp.321-341. Koutentakis, F. (2014). Gender Unemployment Dynamics: Evidence from Ten Advanced Economies. 29(1), pp.15-31. Mavisakalyan, A. (2015). Gender in Language and Gender in Employment. Oxford Development Studies, 43(4), pp.403-424. Dempsey, B. (2011). Gender Neutral Laws and Heterocentric Policies: â€Å"Domestic Abuse as Gender-Based Abuse† and Same-Sex Couples. Edinburgh Law Review, 15(3), pp.381-405. Terrance, C., Plumm, K. and Thomas, S. (2011). Perceptions of Domestic Violence in Heterosexual Relationships: Impact of Victim Gender and History of Response. Partner Abuse, 2(2), pp.208-223. Onoyase, A. (2016). The Impact of Gender, Family Type and Age on Undergraduate Parents’ Perception of Causes of Sexual Abuse. Higher Education Studies, 6(2), p.174.

Globalisation and Integration (clothes industry) essay Outline

Globalisation and Integration (clothes industry) essay - Outline Example disinterest, imbalance in the economic structure and downfall of local industries often remain unnoticed in the race of trendiness and fashion craze in the clothes industry (Graziani, 1998). Globalization and integration in the cloth industry has pushed back local manufacturers of textile products and has also augmented the trend of child labor in the development countries (Ramdass & Kruger, 2011). Tough, the evolution of technology and trade liberalism has benefited many companies, but there always remain a darker side of it which should be addressed to make it a truly beneficial industry for small enterprises and individuals too (Graziani, 1998). A common practice today in the cloth industries is the use of media for brand promotion. This is also the fruit of globalization and integration in businesses, which has shown enormous tools to reach the market first. This has increased customer awareness about all latest brands and design in the market and has given more flexibility in customer’s choice. Moreover, companies have been able to market internationally due to the technological enhancement which brings all the people at one common platform (Jan, 2009). The use of billboards’ advertisements and promotion through magazines, and social media gives more hype to the brand name and builds customer motivation. However, the matter of concern arises when the company charges extra to customers for covering their heavy expenditures of marketing and advertisements. Therefore, the same quality of product is then available at much higher prices than its actual cost (Jan, 2009). Taking parallel the rising competition in the market, companies cannot keep a big margin of profit in their textile products and thus chooses ways of child labor and minimal health precautions to reduce their overall expenditures. The term relocation has become very common in the cloth industrial, where a company takes services from developing and low economy countries for cheap labor

City of God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

City of God - Essay Example Among the emergent themes in the movie are urban crime, social network, education, urban slums, the lack of economic and social mobility, and the global city. These themes are presented through the lives of Rocket and Jose ‘Lil Ze’ who are in opposite paths in their lives’ but are both shackled to the city of their childhood. The torn down buildings and the dirty streets serve as the backdrop of the film’s storyline and the object of Rocket’s gritting photographs. In the Broken Window Principle, the idea is that one broken window will lead to many broken windows. In an experiment, the pristine condition of windows deters the commission of voluntarily shattering them. James Wilson and George Kelling write that the police play an important role in reclaiming their own authorities in streets that have been overrun by gang-related violence. This is further strengthened when the people see them as a partner in driving out those who commit organized crimes to return their communities to a peaceful state. â€Å"The process we call urban decay has occurred for centuries in every city... Earlier crime waves had a kind of built-in self-correcting mechanism: the determination of a neighborhood or community to reassert control over its turf† (4). Sadly, this was not shown in the film as corruption was a rampant attribute of the local police force. Zukin’s Whose Culture, Whose City? (75) with its setting in New York, reveals that public space is continually being privatized by corporate entitles, resulting in a cultural war within its streets. In this regard, it is equally important to look at the cultural relevance of urban decay with respect to education. It not only functions to develop the individual but the nation at large. For developing nations, education has a pivotal developmental role. In this movie, education in the developing Rio de Janeiro, is quite accessible but an extensive portion of the populace remained ignorant.

Article writing about corrlational stuies Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writing about corrlational stuies - Article Example Patrowski. Substantially, the researcher bases on general assumptions regarding ESL students and thus, tries to establish its validity. Apprehensions regarding learners who use minority language are deemed to be limited in their studies due to the perceived language barrier. The problem therefore is that they are oftentimes stuck in furthering ESL courses instead of attaining an elevated comprehensive learning experience. They become in essence improperly restricted in their apposite learning process. The 271 students were selected as they were part of the ESL program at CUNY. Primarily, the researcher chose them for their inclusion in the program. Another important aspect was the availability of their records to the researcher as they are within the same academic institution. The information collected by the researcher includes their entrance exam scores which integrated their aptitude in math, reading and composition. It also incorporates their ‘persistence’ which involves how they perform academically together with their diligence in pursuing tertiary education. The subjects were chosen perceptibly for their significance in what the author is trying to establish. He also recognizes that its relevance may be fragmentary as it is only focused in one university but he still maintain that it is of import in terms of the issue the research is trying to attain. In particular this is also because of the variance that is palpable in today’s ‘ethnolinguistically diverse institutions.’ Students’ success were measured by (1) their CPA or their cumulative grade point averages through a grading system based in the usual â€Å"4 point† system wherein O=F and 4=A and (2) based on six criterion. Referred to as â€Å"SCS rating† this composed of; completing their courses on development, a 2.0 GPA or higher, finishing their freshman papers, gaining the required 6 units Core Curriculum, a minimum 50 credits and a 70% attempted

Formal Authority

Formal Authority INTRODUCTION Authority is a defining feature of hierarchy. Authority in management is the formal or legitimate authority specified in a charter that gives a project manager the authority to act in the name of the sponsoring executive or on behalf of the organization. There are various types of authority according to different people. But they all seem to have a fundamental flaw that is they are unable to clearly distinguish between formal, informal authority and leadership. Formal authority is the authority provided by an organization or the law to an individual enabling him to carry out certain actions in accordance with his own will and without the need to consult others. Informal authority is the authority that the manager holds over his subordinates due to certain qualities that the subordinates value in him. A manager with good leadership skills has more informal authority as opposed to people with less leadership skills. It is a common perception that most organisations give formal authorit y to managers to direct and control the activities of their subordinates but this is not always true it depends on various other factors as well. One of the major factors that affect the type of authority given to managers is size of the organization usually smaller organizations have a system of authority whereas large organizations have a formal system of authority. FUNCTIONAL AUTHORITY Functional authority is authority delegated to an individual or department over specific activities undertaken by personnel in other departments. Staff managers may have functional authority, meaning that they can issue orders down the chain of command within the very narrow limits of their authority. For example, supervisors in a manufacturing plant may find that their immediate bosses have line authority over them, but that someone in corporate headquarters may also have line authority over some of their activities or decisions. Organizations create positions of functional authority to break the unity of command principle by having individuals report to two bosses. Functional authority allows specialization of skills and improved coordination. This concept was originally suggested by Frederick Taylor. He separated â€Å"planning†from â€Å"doing†by establishing a special department to relieve the labourer and the foreman from the work of planning. The role of the foreman became one of making sure that planned operations were carried out. The major problem of functional authority is overlapping relationships, which can be resolved by clearly designating to individuals which activities their immediate bosses have authority over and which activities are under the direction of someone else. THEORIES Fayol (1949) defined authority as the right to give orders and the power to extract obedience. He emphasised the importance of linking authority to responsibility, which together required increasing judgement and morality at senior levels. He justified higher pay for commercial managers in comparison with senior civil servants since, in his view, the latter exercised authority without responsibility. In general, he concluded that responsibility is feared as much as authority is sought after, and fear of responsibility paralyses much initiative and destroys many good qualities. FORMAL AUTHORITY IN A BANK Union National Bank in Abu Dhabi is an organization that exercises formal authority. As a manager in the bank i was provided with formal authority over a group of six employees and we were a part of the internal customer satisfaction survey department. One of the main reasons the bank believes in providing formal authority is so as to not concern people at higher positions with unimportant tasks. Another important aspect of formal authority is it reduces conflict among people in higher positions if still unable to completely remove it. The reason that there may still be conflicts is that though formal authority empowers managers to a certain degree the managers boss still has a say in the managers decision should he choose to. OVERVIEW OF UNION NATIONAL BANK Established as a Public Joint Stock Company in 1982, they are one of the leading domestic banks in the United Arab Emirates and are headquartered in Abu Dhabi. They offer a variety of products and services, addressing needs ranging from basic requirements of individuals to the more complex requirements of corporate entities. Electronic delivery channels, ably supported by an extensive network of Banking Centres spread across the emirates, offer greater banking convenience to their customers. They are the only bank that is jointly owned by the Governments of Abu Dhabi and Dubai. Their Chairman, H. H. Sheikh Nahayan Mabarak Al Nahayan, Minister of Education and Scientific Research, is well supported by their Board of Directorsthat consists of eminent business personalities and their Senior Managementteam which is made up of experienced professionals. Their Vision and Missionis clearly defined and their business strategy is well understood by all staff across the bank. Union Brokerage Company (UBC), one of the oldest brokerage firms in UAE is a subsidiary of UNB. Besides being a leading player in the Brokerage industry, it was among the first national companies to deal in the brokerage field in the country. Besides its head office in Khalidiya, Abu Dhabi, it has a well diversified branch network with 6 other branches at ADX, DFM, Al Ain, Al Dhafra, Fujairah and Gold Diamond Park, Dubai. The Al Wifaq Finance Company, a subsidiary of UNB has been established with the purpose of offering Sharia compliant financial, commercial and investing services to both organizations and individuals in compliance with the rules and principals of the Islamic Law As partof the Banks vision, to be â€Å"a key player in the region†, UNB has now a presence in the Egyptian banking sector through itssuccessful acquisition of the Alexandria Commercial and Maritime Bank. UNB is also reviewing other geographic locations for a presence or strategic alliances that will add to shareholder value. PERSONAL EXPERIENCES ON FORMAL AUTHORITY Though formal authority is considered to be authority provided by the organization or superior to an individual it is more often implied than anything else. When employees had issues with anything to do with the customer satisfaction department i had the authority to decide what was to be done. This greatly reduced the time taken for certain tasks to be done. As i had the authority to take decisions on issues such as upgrading of equipment or changes in software and other issues i did not have to elevate it to my boss. This helped also as i could take a better decision as i had more interaction with employees and knew their needs. If these problems had to be elevated to the higher management these issues could have taken a much longer time frame to get resolved. Also managers at the upper levels especially while working in large organizations that have branches at various parts of a country or the world are unable to clearly see the needs of each branch. Providing formal authority en ables a more personalized approach between employees and the organization. Also individual employee needs are better recognized by their immediate managers rather than managers at the top. At the same time there were certain issues that i faced as when i decided to implement a change in the questionnaire on the request of several employees i found that the management wanted to stick to the older pattern. This shows that formal authority is not always clearly outlined in an organization. Managers are unencumbered by management theory and standards established by others. Effective managers want to be in charge; they also possess an intrinsic desire to achieve substantial personal recognition and to earn that recognition based on their own merits. They never abuse power; they know that the corrupt use of power creates a vile corporate poison that can quickly spread throughout an entire organization and paralyze it. They thus practise humility and refrain from using their position to intimidate others. They can define and manage each situation or person with an appropriate leadership style. Example-they tend to treat their vice-presidents and line workers with the same level of respect, but through different approaches. Authority is the defining feature of hierarchy. The boss can restrict the subordinates actions, overturn his decisions, and even fire him (unless the bosss boss objects, in which case the boss herself may be fired). Tracing this chain of authority up the hierarchy, we eventually reach a person (sole proprietor) or group (shareholders) who can be thought of as owning all the decision rights in the organization. In short, formal authority resides at the top. Leading is one of principal managerial functions. Managers are suppose to be formal leaders because they have the authority to influence their subordinates and are expected to use it. They are officially responsible for outcome of their group. However, in an organization, not all managers are leaders, whether they have direct reports or not. In certain cases job description might demand strong leadership, on other hand leadership might not be major factor. However, in todays competitive world, most of the managerial jobs demand leadership qualities, inter personal and inter group interaction and a manager has to manage different type of responsibilities and roles. A leader influences other member of groups, leads group, and directs members towards its goals. A leader influences s ubordinates level of motivation, their performance and quality of their decisions. DISADVANTAGES OF FORMAL AUTHORITY Authority is a wily beast. In general it means that people will abide by your decisions. They will do what you want them to do. no manager can be effective with merely formal authority. True power comes from the trusting relationships that one forges with the people around him. He does this by being genuinely interested, and helpful. He commands attention by making lucid, compelling points, and acting decisively and transparently. Formal authority will not inspire people to do their best work with a happy heart. The best one can hope for with merely formal authority is grudging or indifferent acquiescence. We can easily become enamored with the â€Å"power of our positions.† Having people do what we tell them to do when we tell them to do it can have an intoxicating effect. Under such circumstances, too often our senses become dulled and we become oblivious to the dangers of formal authority. When authority â€Å"goes to our heads,† it becomes much too easy to disregard , or overlook entirely, critical input we might otherwise receive from peers, superiors and even clients. CONCLUSION From this essay we can conclude that formal authority is like a two sided coin it has its ups and downs. Also formal authority depends a lot on the situation and the organization. Smaller organizations may find that formal authority does not suit them whereas larger organizations may find that formal authority is better suited for them. At the same time larger organizations that have strict rules on company policies may find that formal authority conflicts their objectives. Every manager is unique thus formal authority may be needed by some managers to perform well whereas managers with strong leadership qualities may be able to perform well even in the absence of formal authority as they naturally have the respect and support of employees. Formal authority can be thought of as the right to command or compel another person to perform a certain act. Power is the ability to influence or cause a person to perform an act. It is possible for a manager to have formal authority without powe r, just as it is possible for a subordinate to have power without formal authority. The distinction between these terms may be significant for the manager, who may assume that his formal authority automatically gives him power but overlook the fact that his subordinates also have power, at times greater than his own. The manager in such a situation can encounter difficult and frustrating experiences without knowing why. The conventional view of leadership, formal and informal, can be seen as a confused mixture of leadership and management. Leadership can be seen as an occasional act rather than an ongoing role, a bit like creativity. On this view there is no such thing as formal leadership. Being in an organizational position of authority over others makes you a manager, not a leader. To be a leader, you need to be able to convince people to willingly follow some new direction. This means that there is formal and informal management but only informal leadership. Most managers show s ome leadership. The conventional view is that executives show leadership in two ways. By using their powers of persuasion, they influence people who report to them to take actions they would not otherwise take. The second way executives show leadership, on this view, is by making decisions that move the organization in new directions. However, we are gradually moving away from this concept of leadership, one based on formal authority. It is becoming increasingly recognized that making such decisions should be considered managerial actions. Managers can only lead by persuading people to act differently, either directly or by example. REFERENCES Baron, David P. and David Besanko: Information, Control, and Organizational Structure, Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 1, Summer 1992, 237-76. Barro, Robert J. and Paul M. Romer, 1987, Ski-Lift Pricing with Applications to Labor and Other Markets, American Economic Review, 77, 875-90. Ibarra, Herminia, 1993, Network Centrality, Power, and Innovation Involvement: Determinants of Technical and Administrative Roles, Academy of Management Journal, 36, 471-501. Jensen, Michael C. and William H. Meckling, 1992, Specific and General Knowledge, and Organizational Structure, in Lars Werin and Hans Wijkander eds. Contract Economics, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 251-74. Laffont, Jean-Jacques: Analysis of Hidden Gaming in a Three-Level Hierarchy, Journal of Law, Economic and Organization, 6, Fall 1990, 301-324. Mankiw, N. Gregory, 1985, Small Menu Costs and Large Business Cycles: A Macroeconomic Model of Monopoly, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 100, 529-39. Marschak, Jacob and Roy Radner, 1972, The Economic Theory of Teams, New Haven CT: Yale University Press. Milgrom, Paul and D. John Roberts, 1988, An Economic Approach to Influence Activities in Organizations, American Journal of Sociology, 94 (Supplement), S154-S179. Pfeffer, Jeffrey, 1981, Power in Organizations, Marshfield MA:Pitman.

INFLUENZA Essay -- essays research papers fc

Influenza, also known as â€Å"the flu,† is a virus that infects the respiratory tract. Although Influenza is not as severe as many viral infections it's almost the worst for viral infections of the respiratory tract. Typically, when someone is infected with influenza they experience fever (usually 100 ° to 103 °F in adults, but even higher in children) and causes a cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, and also headaches, muscle aches, and usually extreme tiredness. There are sometimes other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea but usually only in rare cases with young children. One other note: The term â€Å"Stomach flu† isn’t really caused by the influenza virus. The average recovery time from the flu is about 1-2 weeks, although some patients do develop more severe complications such as pneumonia, which are capable of being life threatening. On average, influenza is associated with more than 20,000 deaths nationwide and more than 100,000 hospitalizations. These are usually from patients who develop complications and they are usually children or the elderly, although complications can develop at any age. There are three types of influenza viruses, Groups A, B, and C. Only Groups A and B are responsible for causing the epidemics of flu that occur almost every year. Influenza C is different in several ways because it causes mild to no symptoms and doesn’t cause the yearly epidemics. Scientists put out most of their effort to control influenza A and B because of their huge impact on the nation and the world. Influenza type A viruses have two proteins that determine their specific type. Take Influenza A(H1N1) the H stands for hemagglutinin and the N stands for neuraminidase. The current types of Influenza A are A(H1N1) and A(H3N2). Influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and Influenza B strains are included in each year’s vaccines. Influenza A viruses are very hard to control because they undergo changes, making it harder for human’s immune systems to detect them. There are two types of changes. The first is a series of mutations that occur over time and cause a gradual change in the virus. This is called antigenic â€Å"drift.† This process allows the virus to make a more stable change yet still evade the immune system. The second type of change is an abrupt change in the hemagglutinin and/or the neuraminidase proteins. This is called antigenic "shift.† It isn’t as s... ...uenza vaccines, since the vaccine is prepared from influenza grown in eggs. The most common side effect is mild soreness at the injection site. Serious side effects such as such as life-threatening allergic reactions or Guilain-Barre syndrome are rare (fewer than 1to 2 cases per million vaccine recipients). Although the virus will continue to change and we will continue to try to defeat it, we never will. Just in the past three years two new strains have been discovered but were isolated and wiped out quickly. Maybe next time we won’t be so lucky but maybe we will. After all, it’s only the flu and humans didn’t get this far by worrying about it. Works Cited (I did it in MLA Format so be happy):P References: â€Å"Influenza A(H5N1).† Who.gov. Online. January, 1998. â€Å"Isolation of Avian Influenza A(H5N10 Viruses from Humans.† CDC.Gov. Online. Hong Kong, May-December, 1997. Larson, Erik. â€Å"The Flu Hunters.† TIME. February 23, 1998. Britannica.com. Simao, Paul. â€Å"Flu Season.† Rueters. Thursday March 22, 2001. Britannica.com. Stannard, Linda M. â€Å"Influenza Virus.† 1995. Uct.ac.za. By Grant Wade April 22, 2001 Fayetteville, Arkansas Email me at Buzbom99@aol.com if you use this paper please.

Why does Prager say that “suddenly a lot of things made sense” when she discovered that Barbie was designed by a man? Is she referring here only to Barbie’s looks?

Emily had doubts whether the Barbie Doll could have been designed by a woman. Barbie’s body – by proportion, a 23-inch waistline and 39-inch bust line – is unrealistic, and no woman could have this body. She notes millions of women facing eating disorders after trying to achieve bodies sexy as Barbie’s.Hence, she found sense that a man could have designed Barbie. Men are often blamed by feminists for their double standards against women. As part of the gender inequality in society, women are defined by their sexuality and beauty, while men are not.Thus, Barbie was designed as someone epitomized to have the perfect, sexual body. 2. Are we supposed to believe the claims that Prager makes in paragraph 4? What is the point she is trying to make? Paragraph four states: I don't mean to step on anyone's toes here. I loved my Barbie. Secretly, I still believe that neon pink and turquoise blue are the only colors in which to decorate a duplex condo. And like many o thers of my generation, I've never married, simply because I cannot find a man who looks as good in clam diggers as Ken.Ms. Prager emphasizes that, just like most of girls, she loved her Barbie dolls. The miniature houses coming with those dolls were in pink and turquoise. She remembered her fantasies as a child playing with Barbies, and meeting the man of her dreams, someone as perfect as Ken. The point Ms. Prager is trying make is that just like all other women she was enamored with Barbie dolls as a kid. She clarifies she’s not trying to confront with Barbie fans as she was a fan herself. 3. What is Prager’s DEFINITION of a feminist in this essay?Where do you find this definition? According to Ms. Prager, Barbie came about simultaneously with her consciousness of the feminist movement. She defines feminist in her essays as women seeking equality with men. Women, many feminists have complained, are treated by men as sexual objects, or objects themselves. They are jus t the object of men’s desires. With the Barbie doll, who has the perfect figure, women end up wasting a lifetime trying to achieve a perfect figure, to no avail. 4. What is Prager’s Thesis. Ms.Prager’s thesis is to eliminate our double standards in gender. She asserts that women should not be devalued, oppressed, and or treated as mere objects. She cites, among other things, Ken’s genitals being concealed while Barbie’s exposed to the fullest. She adds women are required to achieve a perfect figure, while men are not. She insists women should be treated like men in the real world, i. e. defined by their education, their work, or how they help society. The same standards for men and women should be set.

The History Of Mayan Math Example

The History Of Mayan Math Example The History Of Mayan Math – Term Paper Example Mayans used a sophisticated number system known as Vigesimal. Mayans developed this complex form of mathematics due to the importance of both the calendar and astronomy in their culture. This Mayan system is to base 20 presumably from counting of toes and fingers. This is a bit complex compared to our system as we rely on a system that is only to base 10. The Mayans were able to work with very large numbers using 3 symbols only: a shell shape (representing a zero), a dot- representing one and a bar (representing 5). Just like the system we use today, they also used the place value system to express very large numbers; however they arranged the place values vertically. In the Vigesimal system, the second number is 20 times the numeral while the third place is 400 times the numeral. In our system today, the second number has a value 20 times the numeral. For instance, in the value 22- the first 2 is ten times the second 2. Another important fact to note is borrowing and carrying forwar d is only done when 20 is reached and not 10, as is practiced today. This system did not require too much literacy and was therefore extensively used in marketplaces by the illiterate. Combinations of items like pebbles, cacao beans, sticks and small bones could be used to express the numbers and simple arithmetic operations computed. Despite not knowing the concept of fractions, the Mayans discovered the importance of zero in mathematics at a time when Europe was still suffering with the Roman system that did not have a zero.Mayans put this complex mathematical system into use in astronomy and calendar. Through observations, they studied the stars and sky, keeping track of the movements of stars, planets and the sun. Once they recorded and mastered the movements of the sun and the weather changes that they experienced in each location of the sun, they came up with their seasons. They used this concept in agriculture. They discovered that decrease in the distance between the equator and the sun, symbolized the growing season and the end of a season represented harvesting period.There were two calendars in the Mayan civilization: Tzolkin and Haab. The former comprised 260 days while the latter comprised 365 days. Both calendars comprised of months with 20 days, therefore Tzolkin had 13 months while Haab had 18 months. The moths were numbered from 0 to 19. In the Tzolkin calendar, months were named after their 13 gods while in Haab calendar, months were named after religious and agricultural events. It is speculated that Mayans may have lived in the tropics and may have experienced overhead sun twice each year. They therefore may have measured 260 days and an additional 105 days for them to experience overhead sun.

4 Tips On Making Your Movie Review from EssaySupply.com

4 Tips On Making Your Movie Review How to write a movie review For many people, a review can be the making or breaking point of a movie as it is used to help the reader, or in other terms, a potential audience member gains insight about the film. Even the simplest phrase such as "The best" or "The worst" can be the words that help the potential viewer and audience member decide whether or not they will see the film. As a review writer or reviewer, your job is to give your opinion, as well as help the reader decide whether or not they should see the movie for themselves. These are a few tips on how to write an insightful movie review with many high-quality details. Always watch the film first We've all seen this at least once. An article stating that a film that hasn't even come out yet is saying the movie is one of the best films ever to be produced. Or they use phrases and keywords that make it obvious they had never even watched the movie. This can be a huge turn off to an audience as they want to feel as though the opinion is honest about the film they want to watch. So don't base your opinions on what you hear, instead, take a couple of hours to watch the movie once for entertainment, and if you need to get once again a better opinion of it. Find out who your audience is All films are made with a different audience in mind, some differing with only minor details while others differ majorly. For example, you may write a movie review about "300" from an entirely different standpoint if your audience was a group of theater arts students instead of history students. A simple change can completely switch your mindset, and instead of thinking along the terms of "Is this historically accurate" or "did they dress that way." By changing the audience to theater students you begin to think in terms such as "Why did they choose to film there" or "why did they choose to kill those characters, but not those characters." Don't criticize or praise without detail We can all say whether or not a movie is good or bad. However, the reviewer wants to know why. Instead of saying "This movie was too long." Say something along the lines of, "There were too many subplots that pulled away from the actual story" or "Much of the dialogue could have been cut out and it wouldn't have made much of a difference." Even praise shouldn't exist without particular reason or insight. If you find a movie to be wonderfully entertaining, you may be tempted to write how great it was with no hesitation. However, you should still review it from a critique from a standpoint. Instead of saying something along the lines of "This movie was so fantastic, everyone should see it." You may want to say something like, "I enjoyed this film, it was quick to pull me into the story and kept me on the edge of my seat." to give your audience a more exact reason to see the film. Research the filmmaker Find out what other films they have made, take in the details of each film and how they improved with each film. Even use comparisons, by using phrases such as "One of the best films since his last feature presentation hit." or "The film was obviously an attempted repeat of their classic film" to allow the audience to derive a particular viewpoint on the movie based on the words you give them. Following these easy steps allows to learn fast how to make a movie review, or a small reminder for those who alraedy familiar with the assignment.

Thomas Hobbes's and Machiavelli's political theories Essay

Thomas Hobbes's and Machiavelli's political theories - Essay Example This is contrary to the teaching of Machiavellian that denounced ruthlessness and manipulation as a way of gaining power to control the masses. Machiavelli insisted that one should earn power and not to inherit. However, in most parts of the world power has been inherited and revolved within a lineage. In his book the prince, Machiavelli unequivocally states how political power should be used for the benefit of the people and how that power can be maintained. He cites the examples from his personal experiences and those from the ancient texts. Whereas he did not talk about what qualities a leader should posses, Machiavelli was keen to indicate that any method engaged by the ruler should factor in the fact that the state of the mind is not altered. In this regard, he did set the limits within which he believed gaining controlled should be checked. It will thus be construed that the cliche-the end justifies the means has been used in the most simplified manner considering the context o f his philosophical statement. Pragmatism and realism were the pillars of his philosophy, he also understood that ideals were impossible partake on as ruler. The philosophical work of Machiavelli has immensely contributed and accounted for the political manipulation seen. ... The head of the body in this case being the government that is charged with the responsibility to govern the people. In this case, the head and the body are expected to have coordination in which whatever the head does, the body must be aware of it through the transmitted effect or what may be referred to the trickledown effect. The head and the body are expected to have communication and when the head is ailing, the body too has to ail. This analogy was taken to the political scenario in which, what the government is doing has direct consequences to the people whom it is charged with the responsibility of governing. The implication the term body politics is to express the opinion that the people the government and the people are considered as one just like the body and the head do forms one thing. In some cases, sections of people have tried to redefine the term by saying that the term means exclusively the government alone. The intention of the statement is that a healthy governmen t should have the capacity to make conscious focus just like a healthy body (Hobbes, and Martinich 108). The people are regarded as a stake in the context of the head and the body as proposed by Hobbes to the extent that they are construed to constitute what is critical in the society. Though this may not be seen as a naive way of looking at the matter, it should also be considered that at times the government do exist and operate whimsically on the wishes of the people. It is thus important to note that the people’s opinion about the government may have significant impact and that in the event that the peoples turn violent, the government will have to be disrupted in its daily operation. The cordial

Assessment and intervention in Addiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Assessment and intervention in Addiction - Essay Example Paul, a 27 year old, has been an injecting drug user and has been presented at a local Alcohol and Drug Assessment Service, six weeks after release from prison. He opposes treatment but attendance is a condition of his parole and has numerous convictions for burglary, assault and possession of drugs for supply. Paul has been convicted for burglary, assault and possessions of cannabis, numerously. Initially, he had had a motor cycle accident at 19 and has not worked since. Since then, he has had anger and impulse control problems. Assessment reveals that Paul had no specific plans to harm anyone in particular, but possesses a firearm and states his willingness to shoot himself and others with him. The head injury also left him prone to anger, impulse control problems, short-term memory impairment, poor concentration and inability to work. Paul has a history of childhood conduct disorder and abuse of drugs and substances such as alcohol and cannabis, benzodiazepines and polydrug. He also used intravenous opioids regularly from 19 years of age and continues to use cannabis daily and occasional benzodiazepines. On direct questioning, Paul has admitted to depressive symptoms since his most recent incarceration, and met DSM IV-R criteria for a diagnosis of Major Depressive Episode over the past six weeks. The patient is also hepatitis C positive and admits to having shared needles, besides engaging in unprotected sex especially when using benzodiazepines. He has also had little contact with his family and lives with friends who use intravenous opioids on a daily basis. From the foregoing it is clear that there may have been correlations between the prevailing affairs in Paul’s social environment and his penchant for substance reliance and drugs abuse. This is underscored by the fact that Paul began to engage in drugs abuse and substance reliance at a relatively young age. Particularly, Paul has a history of childhood drugs and substances abuse of such as alcohol