The Bmw Z4 Launch, Denver International Airport And...

The BMW Z4 launch, Denver international airport and Hurricane Katrina are examples of how IT projects can be threaten by unexpected changes provoked by globalization, technology but also natural phenomenon. Time is a valuable aspect in IT projects, under this circumstances there is no time for plan or collect information for a decision making process. Globalization forces project manager to think ahead or think without a plan and attempt to reduce any possible negative impact as much as possible. Improvisation contradicts in every way with the project traditional theory but it is sometimes an alternative that a project manager must consider to do when the project encounters high level of difficulty in its execution. Nevertheless an improvisation does seem like a very open and wide idea but in most cases improvisation can be always back up by a government, legal or institutional framework in which companies often relies. A perfect example is the 2007 crisis when many companies that a t the moment were executing crucial IT projects had to declared bankrupt or financial inability to keep funding their investments. The USA government and many other governments had to intervene so the global financial system would not crush completely. Another big globalization effect on IT projects is the technology uncertainty. Everyday technology advance in an impressive pace, keeping up with every technology improvement is indeed a challenge for IT projects. Projects certainly have

Freud s Psychosexual Stages Of Development - 963 Words

Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist born on the sixth of May in 1856. He began his researches of the human mind in 1881, while America and Europe reformed insane asylums and became more fascinated with unnatural psychological states. He first studied nervous diseases examining fish and simultaneously attaining his degree at the University of Vienna, and in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Freud explored the human psyche far more than other neurologists during his time, which earned him the title of the founding father of psychoanalysis. Eventually he explored conflicts from a person’s adolescence and how they had an astounding effect on adulthood and created what became known to be his Psychosexual Stages of Development. Freud’s psychosexual stages of development is a concept derived from the belief that any problems that occurred through adulthood were the primary result of experiences in early childhood matriculation. He gathered that the human species went through five stages of psychosexual development, and that during each stage of this development, experienced a sense of euphoria in a particular body part more than others. The areas of our bodies that felt this sensation were known as erogenous zones, which were specific parts of the human anatomy such as the mouth, the anus, and the genitals, that contained vigorous pleasure emitting qualities at specific stages of development in accordance with personality development focused on theShow MoreRelatedPersonality And Personality Development : Freud S Psychosexual Stages And Structure Of Personality1300 Words   |  6 Pagescombination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual s distinctive character. FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES/STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY Freud believed that life was built round tension and pleasure. Freud also believed that all tension was due to the buildup of libido (sexual energy) and that all pleasure came from its discharge. (Wade et al., 2014). In describing human personality development as psychosexual Freud meant to convey that what develops is the way in which sexualRead MoreFreud s Theory Of Psychosexual Stages Of Development And Costa And Mccrae s Five Factor Model2237 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages of development and Costa and McCrae’s Five Factor model were compared to assess the personality of a woman named Judy, experiencing difficulty in her primary relationships and day to day functioning. The main purposes of the study is to explain how each theorist would assess Judy’s behavior and identify the strengths and weaknesses of each approach and further the differences and any similarities found. The key strength of Costa and McCrae’s modelRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Development1000 Words   |  4 PagesFreud’s psychosexual theory of development is and why it is important for the developing child to overcome said conflicts. I also talked about the different effects of not overcoming the conflicts Freud had determined that would lead to adult behaviors. Over the years, Sigmund Freud has created many theories involving many different ideas in the psychological world. One theory that stood out to me throughout our journey in introduction to psychology is Freud’s developmental theory. Freud s developmentRead MoreShedding Light On Freud s Controversial Psychoanalytic Theory1525 Words   |  7 PagesKraft St. Johns River State College: Human Growth and Development Shedding Light on Freud’s Controversial Psychoanalytic Theory Psychoanalytic theories suggest that developmental changes happen due to the power of internal drives and emotions. Sigmund Freud, a Viennese physician, is said to be the founding father of this theory. He believed biological impulses, such as a need for food and sex, were the driving impulses for personality development (Denise Boyd Helen Bee, 2012, p. 25). In fact, oneRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1356 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist, also known as the founding father of Psychoanalysis. Freud discovered psychoanalysis by organizing ideas and information from different theories and clinical observations. Psychoanalysis is A method of analyzing psychic phenomena and treating mental and emotional disorders that is based on the concepts and theories of Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes the importance of free association and dream analysis, and that involves treatment sessions during which theRead MoreTheories And Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay1255 Words   |  6 Pagespsychology, I have chosen psychosexual and psychosocial development to provide basic tenets, explain why they are important to my future discipline and also analyze the relationship between my chosen therapist Freud and Erikson. Two key theories Freud s Theory of Psychosexual and Erikson s Theory of Psychosocial development are both psychoanalytic theories. Sigmund Freud concluded that personality develops through several stages and the psychosexual development was the driving force behindRead MoreThe Theory Of Oedipus Complex1469 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The term Oedipal complex was initially used by Sigmund Freud as he developed a theory to explain the stages of psychosexual stages of development in an attempt to explain or describe the boy child feelings of attraction to the mother and anger and envy towards the father (Fear, 2005). Basically, the boy may feel like he is competing with the father for the belonging and possession of the mother. The boy sees the father as a threat for her affections, desires and attentions. In termsRead MoreErik Erikson s Psychosocial Theory1652 Words   |  7 PagesErik Erikson s psychosocial theory and Sigmund Freud s psychosexual theory are two well-known theories of personality development with various similarities and differences. While Erikson was influenced by Freud s ideas, his theory differed in a number of important ways and was ultimately created to be an improvement to Freud’s personality development theory (Friedman Schustack, 2012). Like Freud’s psychosexual theory, Erikson agreed that personality progresses in a sequence of predeterminedRead MorePatrick Bateman in American Psycho - A Freudian Analysis1413 Words   |  6 PagesCharacter Description Patrick Bateman was a young, white, ivy leagued male who worked on Wall Street in the 1980s era of self indulgence and materialism. He was driven to be perfect and to be the best at everything he does no matter what the cost. Material things meant more to Patrick than life itself which was clearly stated in the movie. Patrick was vain and self absorbed person who treated his body like a temple. He spent his days and nights doing vigorous workouts, mergers and acquisitionsRead MoreFreuds and Eriksons Perspectives on Human Development Essay924 Words   |  4 Pagesintriguing aspects of psychology is child development, it greatly impacts the rest of our lives and ultimate helps determine who we become as an adult. From a psychoanalytical perspective there are two great theorists, Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson. From a Freudian perspective human development is based on psychosexual theory. From a psychosexual perspective maturation of the sex drives underlies stages of personality development (Shaffer et al., 2010). Ultimately, Freud believed that sex was the most important

Accounting Theory & Current Issues Business Emphasis

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Theory Current Issues for Business Emphasis. Answer: Introduction Each and every organization in the world has increased their consciousness with creating the environmental impact. The contemporary business organization provides emphasis on the enhancement of the effective business strategies which is seems to be requisite for the enhancement if the company in order to avoid the unnecessary legal issues. The progress helps in creating the progress in the organization and thereby the establishment of the company focuses on the appropriate eco-friendly environment (CBC, 2016). Moreover, in order to create the eco-friendly environment, the research and the development processes are carried out and at the same time, the profitability of the organization is focused with creating the enhancement in the organization. The improvement of the quality of the products helps in creating the appropriate enhancement of the organization and thereby the production of the eco-friendly products helps in the enhancement of the production with including the feeds for t he fishes. In this provided case study, the company or the organization which is depicted is Bio-sustainable Feeds (Lothe, 2013). The Company provides emphasis on the research and the development department for the appropriate improvement of the products that are related to the fish feeds and thereby the consideration are created for the improvement in the research and thereby the profitability is also decided. The cost effective characteristics also seems to be improved with the improvement of the sustainability and thereby the company can be improved in an appropriate way for gaining sustainability for the organization. Apart from all these, the company seems to be focusing for the appropriate establishment of the eco-friendly environment and thereby the improvement of the social acceptance is considered (Sarker et al., 2016). Nature and Value to the Society of the research Case studies noted that the company Bio sustainable Feeds put great emphasis on performing corporate social responsibilities by creating products targeted at different strata of peoples from the society. The company spent millions of dollars in creating products with lesser use of natural resources (Sen, 2008). The research development team used bacteria to create fish feeds from wood chips; sugar cane residue was highly appreciated and widely accepted by different strata of society. The company get millions of dollars in grants from the Australian government and the also hold patents worth millions of dollars. The nature of research done by BSF Ltd impeccably works on helping people get nutritional quotients from low cost food of their company. And it also works in reducing the use of the highly beneficial and at risk of extinction of natural resources. They help create fish with high nutritional value which everyone can afford and they do so using piscavorian fish. With this research, they are not only increasing their own profitability by catering to everyone from the economy but also help sustain an image on environment conscious company (Burrow and Kleindl, 2012). They are developing methane gas from dumps, sewage and food processing plants thereby reducing bio-waste. And this is BSF Ltds policy to please both common people and environmentalists and stay on top the exchange charts. The Research and Development division of BSF LTDs are also scouting for patents worth millions of dollars over a period a many years Issues with the early research The first research of the BSF Ltd depicts the arrangements made for the creation of the sustainable environment. The first research seems to be based on the plant based feeds that are depicted with creating the value of the research and thereby the research seems to be unsuccessful during the first attempt created. It thereby also helps in creating the values for the research and thereby the research depicts the conversion of the fish feeds which are generally depicted at the rate of the low fish and thereby the considerations are created by the 30kg of the plant feeds into the 10 kg fish. In the research, the actual conversion rate was 30 kg of the plant based feeds into the 1kg of the high value fish. In the research 1/3rd of the fish dies due to the growing mature fish were lesser (CBC, 2016). The process of diverting the quality food crops into the poor people which are considered for the purpose of diverting the fish value. It thereby also helps in creating disadvantages for the poor people and thereby the creation of the malnutrition is depicted. The production of the fish feeds or the aqua cultural feeds contain the human nutritional foods and the company BSF is depicted. Therefore, the production of aquaculture or fish feed contains nutritional complements such as fatty acid and the company use this components in production of superior quality fish feed that are beneficial for rich people and poor people are deprived from this process. Nature and differences between research and development The research is a method that is taken in a scientific way so that create bias as well as the subjectivity should be avoided. The method of the research should add the value as well as probable tools and techniques that at the time of applying on the subject should give proper outcome. The method and techniques are also important for running research which adds the method with the rational as well as the sequential methods (Schermerhorn, 2005). These chronological as well as the rational process are set up by the academic and empirical example, which are presented by one who is performing the research. The degree of control as well as rigor are described during the transfer of the research and so that make difference in ones discipline. Research development is described as the application of the research for the advantage of the company and so that describe the changes that are taken for creating balance in the system of the company. It gives the way of the improvement of the goods line so that the growth and development of the company experience are concentrated in this specific case study (Sen, 2008). The process of innovation is going on in the form of research development, which relies on the improvement of the research atmosphere, which is described in this particular case so that the cost of the research are deemed with referring the provided case. Fair market value patent Innovation is deemed to be one of the most vital means that make a company competitive in the market. Thus, the only path to maintain the competitive benefit is to save the innovative concept as well as stop other companies to utilize them. Patent is a way that provides the companies facilities to protect innovative ideas from the other companies (Berk and DeMarzo, 2007). Patent are considered to be the asset of the company as well as it is important to calculate approximately the value of the patent. In the balance sheet it is shown as an intangible asset. The research work of BSF Ltd. to produce fish feed from sugar cane, wood chips and recaptured methane gas by using bacteria is a unique as well as innovative idea. The estimated cost for the research was $160 million AUD as well as other cost of $200 million AUD in order to develop value for bringing it in to the market. Commonwealth scientific and industrial research organization has invested $500 million AUD in BSF Ltd and spend cumulative $500 million AUD for the research of BSF Ltd (Hillier, 2010). Besides this, the commonwealth scientific and industrial research organization additional $200 million for the development of aqua cultural feeds. The innovative concept of the company BSF Ltd helps in creating a patent value of about $700 million AUD within two years. The rebate for the project is 8% per year. The market value of the patent of the BSF ltd for the fish feed is $700 AUD. The innovative idea helps in increasing the reputation of the company in the market as well as improves the good will of the company. Patent help in protecting the unique idea of the company in legalise way (Holton, 2012). The evaluation as well as determination of the market value of the companies helps in determining the growth of the companies. Journal Entries for research and development transactions Particulars Debit ($) Credit ($) Grant 500 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization 500 Alternative aquaculture feeds 100 Cash 100 Research 500 cash 500 Development cost 200 cash 200 Patent 700 Cash 700 The journal entry record, summaries and show all the transactions of an organization. In the given case study, the company BSF Ltd. has received grant of an amount of $ 500 million from the Common Wealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. The grant amount is utilized by the company for the research and development process of innovative fish feed (Berk and DeMarzo, 2007). The total amount of money the company has invested for the research and development process of aquaculture feed is $700 million. The company has received and invested the cash amount in the developmental process. The journal entry shows the transactions of the process which includes cash received and expenditures of the company. The success of the process depends on the amount of investment and with the aim of increasing the value in the market. The sale of the fish feed will help to determine the patent value in coming two year (Elliott and Elliott, 2008). The value of the innovative research can be me asured with the help of patent value as shown in the financial report. The company has implemented all its strategies to increase its market share and achieving competitive advantage. The financial report shows revenues, expense, assets and liabilities during a period of time. The research and development department is mainly responsible for continuing and accomplishing the research process. The journal entry shows all the transaction from the year 2013 to 2016 of the company. The staff members have also contributed all its efforts in the research and development process. The grant amount is appropriately invested by the company in the development process (Moles, 2011). The accounting process helps to collect, store and analyze the transactions of the company. The accountants and auditors prepare the financial report of a company. Exclusive control management of the research made in BSF Ltd The management of the BSF Ltd management provides the consideration regarding the patent value with depicting the case study. The control strategies that are depicted in this case helps in creating the appropriate usage of the bio-sustainable feeds for the fishes and thereby the preparation is seemed to be created with controlling the expenses regarding the creation of the control (Burrow and Kleindl, 2012). The strategies that are followed for the research are as follows:- For the appropriate growth of the high quality fish, the preparation of the high quality products are undertaken in order to gain the consideration regarding the strategies. The materials are prepared by the preparation of the food for the products with implementing new innovative ideas. The appropriate usage of the plant materials are created with the usages of the plant feeds for the fishes. The enhancement of the alternative agricultural feed s helps in creating the requisite growth of the fishes in order to creative innovation for the organization. The appropriate control measures are used in order to create advancement in the patent and thereby the creation of research depicts the enhancement of the research created. The creation of the research helps in the depicting the kind of the research made and thereby the historical enhancement of the research carried out by the organization is depicted in this report (Stittle and Wearing, 2008). It thereby helps in creating huge amount of costs with depicting the ineffective process of the fish feeds and thereby the control measures are depicted for the purpose of creating balance in the system of feeding the fish. The serious issues are depicted which can be easily evaluated with implementing the innovation made by the organization and thereby it enhances the control measures and thereby creating the systematic improvement. References Berk, J. and DeMarzo, P. (2007).Corporate finance. Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley. Burrow, J. and Kleindl, B. (2012).Business Management. Mason, US: Cengage Learning. CBC, (2016).'Greener' fish farming could lead to unhealthier seafood. [online] CBC News. Available at: https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/aquaculture-feed-1.3262922 [Accessed 28 Sep. 2016]. Elliott, B. and Elliott, J. (2008).Financial accounting and reporting. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Hillier, D. (2010).Corporate finance. London: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Holton, R. (2012).Global finance. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Lothe, R. (2013). [online] Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/fish-feed-research-may-helpreduce-world-hunger [Accessed 28 Sep. 2016]. Moles, P. (2011).Corporate finance. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Narayana Reddy, P., Appannaiah, H. and Sathyaprasad, B. (2010).Business management. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Rust, (2011). [online] Available at: https://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/aquaculture/docs/feeds/the_future_of_aquafeeds_final.pdf [Accessed 28 Sep. 2016]. Sarker, P., Kapuscinski, A., Lanois, A., Livesey, E., Bernhard, K. and Coley, M. (2016). Towards Sustainable Aquafeeds: Complete Substitution of Fish Oil with Marine Microalga Schizochytrium sp. Improves Growth and Fatty Acid Deposition in Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).PLOS ONE, 11(6), p.e0156684. Schermerhorn, J. (2005).Management. New York: J. Wiley. Sen, M. (2008).Business management. Jaipur, India: Oxford Book Co. Spiceland, J., Sepe, J. and Nelson, M. (2011).Intermediate accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Stittle, J. and Wearing, B. (2008).Financial accounting. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.

Cultural Differences Between Us and Korea free essay sample

Many customs in the USA are similar to the customs of my country, Korea. However, some differences are surprising, some are embarrassing, and some are just funny. Some of the different customs are related to New Year’s celebrations, dinner customs, and conversation styles. First, New Year’s Day is celebrated differently in Korea and the United States in numerous ways. In the USA, New Year’s Day is on January 1st, every new year. When it becomes December 31 at 12:59:50 p. m. , people start to count down for the next year. When it becomes 12:00 a. m. , they give each other hugs and kisses, and they enjoy their party. However, Korean has a different event in their country. Korean uses the lunar calendar to mark the New Year. Lunar calendar is a calendar that is based on cycles of the lunar phase, and the first day of a month is the day when an astronomical new moon occurs in a particular time zone. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Differences Between Us and Korea or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because Korean New Year’s Day is about one month later than New Year’s Day in the U. S. Second, Korea and the USA have different customs regarding dinner. The formal restaurant dinner here usually has three or four courses including the appetizer, salad, entree and dessert. When the first course is finished, the next course will be served. The main meal usually includes meat, such as beef, pork or chicken. Every meal is eaten with forks, knifes and spoons. And â€Å"Starting with the knife, fork, or spoon that is farthest from your plate, work your way in, using one utensil for each course,† according to an author Linda Stradley. In contrast, in Korea, most Korean food restaurants are all the food is served at one time. The main dish is always rice and soups, and it is served with the several side dishes. The rice should be located on the left side, and the soup has to be placed on the right side. A spoon and chopsticks are used for eating. And according to a restaurant Chung Dam, â€Å"Koreans eat their rice and soup with a spoon, and side dishes and the main course with chopsticks. †(1) Last, the conversation etiquette is also totally different between Korea and the USA. When I meet an American who has a lot of questions for me, some of their questions are very personal and unusual. If I ask why they asked me about that question, they answer that they are just curious. It is very uncomfortable because nobody asked those questions for me in Korea. I may be the first person from my country whom they have met, and they have very little understanding of my life. Most people are sincerely interested in learning about me, so now I try to understand their curiosity. On the other hand, when people meet new friend in Korea, they never ask a lot of questions, even if they are very curious about new friend. Korean thinks that is rude, and it makes new friend uncomfortable. Traditionally, Korean society is based on Confucianism, so Korean thinks it is important to respect people’s privacy and be more considerable and silent. To sum up, the USA and Korea have some different cultures. These two countries have large differences about New Year’s Day, Dinner style, Conversation etiquette. Some American customs make me uncomfortable and are unusual for me. However, I think it is important to understand the differences between the two countries. When I understand these differences and try to understand them, it helps make me make friend here and understand them. Cultural Differences Between US and Korea free essay sample I have experienced the customs here. Many customs in the USA are similar to the customs of my country, Korea. However, some differences are surprising, some are embarrassing, and some are just funny. Some of the different customs are related to New Year’s celebrations, dinner customs, and conversation styles. First, New Year’s Day is celebrated differently in Korea and the United States in numerous ways. In the USA, New Year’s Day is on January 1st, every new year. When it becomes December 31 at 12:59:50 p. m. , people start to count down for the next year. When it becomes 12:00 a. m. , they give each other hugs and kisses, and they enjoy their party. However, Korean has a different event in their country. Korean uses the lunar calendar to mark the New Year. Lunar calendar is a calendar that is based on cycles of the lunar phase, and the first day of a month is the day when an astronomical new moon occurs in a particular time zone. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Differences Between US and Korea or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because Korean New Year’s Day is about one month later than New Year’s Day in the U.S. Second, Korea and the USA have different customs regarding dinner. The formal restaurant dinner here usually has three or four courses including the appetizer, salad, entree and dessert. When the first course is finished, the next course will be served. The main meal usually includes meat, such as beef, pork or chicken. Every meal is eaten with forks, knifes and spoons. And â€Å"Starting with the knife, fork, or spoon that is farthest from your plate, work your way in, using one utensil for each course,† according to an author Linda Stradley. 1) In contrast, in Korea, most Korean food restaurants are all the food is served at one time. The main dish is always rice and soups, and it is served with the several side dishes. The rice should be located on the left side, and the soup has to be placed on the right side. A spoon and chopsticks are used for eating. And according to a restaurant Chung Dam, â€Å"Koreans eat their rice and soup with a spoon, and side dishes and the main course with chopsticks. †(1) Last, the conversation etiquette is also totally different between Korea and the USA. When I meet an American who has a lot of questions for me, some of their questions are very personal and unusual. If I ask why they asked me about that question, they answer that they are just curious. It is very uncomfortable because nobody asked those questions for me in Korea. I may be the first person from my country whom they have met, and they have very little understanding of my life. Most people are sincerely interested in learning about me, so now I try to understand their curiosity. On the other hand, when people meet new friend in Korea, they never ask a lot of questions, even if they are very curious about new friend. Korean thinks that is rude, and it makes new friend uncomfortable. Traditionally, Korean society is based on Confucianism, so Korean thinks it is important to respect people’s privacy and be more considerable and silent. To sum up, the USA and Korea have some different cultures. These two countries have large differences about New Year’s Day, Dinner style, Conversation etiquette.  Some American customs make me uncomfortable and are unusual for me. However, I think it is important to understand the differences between the two countries. When I understand these differences and try to understand them, it helps make me make friend here and understand them.

The Yellow Wallpaper Gender Roles Essay Example For Students

The Yellow Wallpaper Gender Roles Essay Gender RolesChildren learn from their parents and society the conception offeminine and masculine. Much about these conceptions is not biological atall but cultural. The way we tend to think about men and women and their genderroles in society constitute the prevailing paradigm that influences out thinking. Riane Eisler points out that the prevailing paradigm makes it difficult for usto analyze properly the roles of men and women in prehistory we have a culturalbias that we bring to the effort and that colors our decision-making processes.Sexism is the result of that bias imposed by our process of acculturation. Gender roles in Western societies have been changing rapidly in recentyears, with the changes created both by evolutionary changes in society,including economic shifts which have altered the way people work and indeedwhich people work as more and more women enter the workforce, and by perhapspressure brought to make changes because of the perception that the traditionalsocial structure was inequitable. Gender relations are a part of thesocialization process, the initiation given the young by society, teaching themcertain values and creating in them certain behavior patterns acceptable totheir social roles. These roles have been in a state of flux in Americansociety in recent years, and men and women today can be seen as having expandedtheir roles in society, with women entering formerly male dominions and menfinding new ways to relate to and function in the family unit. We will write a custom essay on The Yellow Wallpaper Gender Roles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When I was growing up a woman was never heard of having a job other thana school teacher or seamstress. Our(womens)job was to take careof the house. We had a big garden out back from which we got mostof our vegetablesA garden is a lot of work you knowWe also had tomake clothes when there were none to be had(hand-me- downs)Gender can be defined as a social identity consisting of the role aperson is to play because of his or her sex. There is a diversity in male andfemale roles, making it impossible to define gender in terms of narrow male andfemale roles. Gender is culturally defined, with significant differences fromculture to culture. These differences are studied by anthropologists toascertain the range of behaviors that have developed to define gender and on theforces at work in the creation of these roles. The role of women in Americansociety was conditioned by religious attitudes and by the conditions of lifethat prevailed through much of American history. The culture of Europe andAmerica was based for centuries on a patriarchal system in which exclusiveownership of the female by a given male was considered important, with theresult that women were regulated to the role of property with no voice in theirown fate. The girl-child was trained from birth to fit the role awaiting her,and as long as compensations were adequate, women were relatively content:For Example, if in return for being a mans property a woman receiveseconomic security, a full emotional life centering around husband and children,and an opportunity to express her capacities in the management of her home, shehas little cause for discontent.While this statement is arguable in the way it assumes that women arenot discontented under such circumstances, it is clear that for most of historywomen were expected to be content with this sort of life and were trained forthat purpose. Clearly, circumstances of family life have changed in the modernera. Industry has been taken out of the home, and large families are no longereconomically possible or socially desired. The home is no longer the center ofthe husbands life, and for the traditional wife there is only a narrowing ofinterests and possibilities for development: Increasingly, the woman findsherself without an occupation and with an unsatisfactory emotional life.Thechange in sex roles that can be discerned in society is closely tied withchanges in the structure of the family. Changes in both family structure andsex roles over the last century have produced the ferment we still see today,and one of the problems with the changing role of women is the degree to whichsociety perceives this is causing unwanted changes in the family, though it isjust as true that changes in the family have altered the roles of women. .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0 , .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0 .postImageUrl , .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0 , .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0:hover , .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0:visited , .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0:active { border:0!important; } .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0:active , .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0 .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc58e13556cf57fcb367b542303cf3ba0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: English language arts EssayAs women entered the early 1990s, they faced a number of problems. Most of these problems have been around for some time, and women have challengedthem and even alleviated them without solving them completely. They areencountered in the workplace, in the home, in every facet of life. Women havemade advances toward the equality they seek only to encounter a backlash in theform of religious fundamentalism, claims of reverse discrimination by males, andhostility from a public that thinks the womens movement has won everything itwanted and should thus now be silent. Both the needs of women today and thebacklash that has developed derive from the changes in social and sexual rolesthat have taken place in the period since World War II. These changes involvethe new ability of women to break out of the gender roles created for them by apatriarchal society. The desperation women feel has been fed throughout history by thepractice of keeping women in their place by limiting their options. This wasaccomplished on one level by preventing women from gaining their the sort ofeducation offered to men, and while this has changed to a great extent, thereare still inequalities in the opportunities offered to men as opposed to women. Susan Brownmiller writes:The sad history of prohibitions on womens learning is too well known tobe recorded here. . . In much of the world women are barred from advancedknowledge and technical trainingYet opening the world of business with new opportunities for women does notdissipate much of this frustration because both men and women continue to beruled by their early training, by the acculturation process which decides forthem what sort of existence they will have. This can result in feelings ofguilt when their reality and the image they have been taught from childhood donot mesh. It would be a mistake to see changing gender roles in society asthreatening only to males who dominate that society. Such changes also threatenmany women who have accepted more traditional roles and see change as a threat. I dont know how your mother does it all. . . I think time are harder for womenthese days. . . so many choices.This response is not new. When women firstunited for the right to vote at the beginning of this century, they were opposedby womens groups who wanted things to remain as they were. Many of these womenwere ladies of means and social position in society:The main burden of their argument was that woman suffrage placed anadditional and unbearable burden on women, whose place was in the home. . . These arguments are heard today from religious fundamentalists who believe thatthe womens movement is a threat to the family. The fact is that the family haschanged and that the traditional family structure of homemaker, husband asbreadwinner, and children bow constitutes only 10 percent of families. The rolefor women has expanded with more women in the workplace and with a variety offamily structures with new roles for all members of the family. Business hasbeen slow to change and to acknowledge the new family, and for all thecomplaints about the womens movement as anti-family, the movement has insteadfollowed the trend of placing the family in the forefront of addressing familyissues as vital to women. There is much evidence that boys and girls are treated differently formbirth, and this fact has been noted in every world culture:It may never be possible to separate out the precise effects ofphysiology and cultural conditioning on human beings. Not only do theyindividually influence people but they interact with each other and with eachpersons unique essence to affect human behavior. To accord with the reality ofthis complex interplay of factors, and to accord with an increasingly complexexternal world, feminists ask simply for options in life styles. .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4 , .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4 .postImageUrl , .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4 , .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4:hover , .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4:visited , .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4:active { border:0!important; } .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4:active , .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4 .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uce6b4864322d0b07065a90835ea88de4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Interpersonal Communication EssayThose stuck in sexism, however, cannot grant even the simple request to ask whywomen are inferior. The reason sexism exists at all is because of anacculturation process which subtly creates it, and it is perpetuated in part forthat reason and also because perceived changes in the roles and status of womencreate a backlash based on fear of change. Surveys have shown that identical resumes or scholarly articles arerated lower if the applicant is though to be a woman rather than a man: Manssuccess is more likely to be attributed to ability and womans to luck.Whileadvances have been made over the last decade, the challenge remains for the next,and as long as women constitute small minorities in nontraditional employmentcontexts, substantial obstacles will remain.The women in the workplace mustwork harder to succeed than their male counterparts, and once they havesucceeded they have to deal with the envy and anxiety this arouses. Women whodo not advance only confirm the stereotype for others:The perception remains that women cant make it by conventionalstandards, or are less committed to doing so. In either event, they donot seem to warrant the same investment in training, assistance,and promotion opportunities as their male counterparts. Feminist theorists have been calling for some time for a change in thepolitical climate. They want more than just more women in office and thepolitical arena; they want a new type of political thinking, one that empowerspeople rather than government and that addresses the issues that are ofimportance to men and women:If we can eliminate the false polarities and appreciate the limits andtrue potential of womens power, we will be able to join with menfollow or leadin the new human politics that must emerge beyondreaction. This new human liberation will enable us to take back theday and the night, and use the precious and limited resources of ourearth and the limitless resources of our human capital to erect new kinds ofhomes for all our dreams. . . The perception the public has had on the role of men and women isoutdated and has been for some time, but public attitudes change slowly even inthe face of overwhelming evidence. More than 40 years ago, anthropologistMargaret Mead noted the way the West had developed its concept of male andfemale:There has long been a habit in Western civilization of men to havea picture of womanhood to which women reluctantly conformed,and for women to make demands on man to which men adjustedeven more reluctantly. This has been a accurate picture of the way inwhich we have structured our society, with women as keepers of thehouse who insist that the man wipe their feet on the door-mat, and menas keepers of women in the house who insist that their wivesshould stay modestly indoors. Today, people are far less willing to accept these artificial roles evenreluctantly, and this includes the provision keeping women in the home and outof the public arena. To have more women in office it is necessary to have morewomen run. As noted, public views change more slowly than the reality of genderroles. They will continue to change slowly as long as we continue acculturatingchildren with the same sexual stereotypes that have so long prevailed. It isnecessary that we address this issue from early childhood, with parentsdemonstrating a different view of gender and sexual roles just as the school andchurch should take a part in eliminating the old stereotypes in favor of a morereasonable and equitable way to view both men and women. Social Issues

20 Argumentative Essay Topics on Gender Studies

20 Argumentative Essay Topics on Gender Studies Writing an essay can be quite difficult when you are tasked with crafting a topic that defines the direction of your essay. So do not feel defeated when such an assignment is assigned to you on the broad subject of gender studies. Due to the fact that we are always here to help you come up with hard-hitting topics with the potential to re-orientate your entire project. Writing on gender studies is definitely fun and the enlightenment you receive on society as a whole after conducting your research can be refreshing to your world view. So once again, we will attempt to simplify your task by providing you with 20 causal argument essay topics on gender status. This will be followed by a written essay sample using one of the outlined topics for inspiration in order to provide you with a template for writing a causal argumentative essay. Our 20 Exciting Causal Argumentative Essay Topics on Gender Status Discussing the Diverse Disciplines under Gender Studies and Their Roles in Society The Importance of Women’s Studies to Furthering the Role of the Girl-child in Modern Society Why Man Studies as an Interdisciplinary of Gender Studies Must Be Taken Seriously Analyzing Gender Roles and Acceptance in Today’s Workforce Understanding Women Marginalization in the Corporate World and its Historical Context The Role of Gender Studies in Ensuring Equal Education for all Genders, Ethnic Groups and Races The Womens Suffrage Movement and its Role in Pushing Equality in the Corporate World Analyzing the Role of Ethnicity in Defining an Individual’s Ability to Earn Analyzing the Roles of Gender and the Pay Disparity Problem in Today’s Society Gender Studies: Championing the Cause for Reducing the Education Gap between Men and Women Leveraging Gender Studies and Its Ability to Curb Domestic Violence by all Genders Analyzing Woman Suffrage, Domestic Violence and the Role of Women Studies Analyzing the Role of Gender Studies and Its Potential to Reduce Sexual Violence against Women Woman Studies: Understanding the Impact of Sexual and Physical Violence on the Girl-Child. Analyzing the Impact of Sexual Violence on the Mental Well-being of Women Discussing the Refugee Situation and its Effects on Women Worldwide Discussing the Role of Women Studies in Driving the Creation of Man Studies as an Academic Discipline Gender in Academia: Analyzing the Disparities in the Number of Men and Women in Research Roles Gender in Politics: Analyzing the Disparities in the Number of Men and Women in Political Positions Gender in Health Care: Analyzing the Issues Women Face in Receiving Adequate Healthcare These are 20 topics we promised and as you can see they spread across every facet of gender studies. This was done in order to make it quite easy for you to choose a topic that aligns with your interests. Next, a causal argumentative essay will be written using one of the outlined topics to provide further directions for writing your essay. Sample Paper on Analyzing Gender Roles and Acceptance in Today’s Workforce Picture this. In 2015, only 50% of qualified women, with either an education or some qualification, were a part of the world’s entire workforce while 77% of employable men were employed and the mentioned percentage is twice more than the same number in 1995. I believe it is important to note that this figure also reverberates around other spheres of the world’s everyday activities. Since the beginning of time, women have gotten a raw deal in terms of integration and acceptance in the corporate world. The academic field of gender studies have championed this cause by shedding light on the disparities as well as the reduced role the average woman plays even when she is as qualified candidate as other men are. This essay is an attempt to show that despite the inclusion policy instituted by most governments and institutions the numbers are still skewed against women and this shouldn’t be so. I’ll start by using the Orients as an example. In Saudi Arabia, the unemployment rate between men and women are quite startling. Current figures put men unemployment at 7% while women unemployment is at a 34% high and climbing. While some westerners might say this statistics is confined to the Saudis’, statistics from the US department of Labour shows that women are marginalized in the workplace in one way or the other regardless of location. These statistics includes the fact that the average woman earns 77 cents to a man’s dollar. Taking into account ethnicity and race pushes this ration to a lower and more absurd rate. The average African-American woman earns 64 cents to a Caucasian male dollar while a Latina woman earns 56% to the dollar. Going further to analyse women’s role in workforces that claim to see women as assets, other startling figures reveal themselves. A study conducted on the SP positions worldwide unearthed the fact that women occupy just 4.8% off senior positions in the corporate world. Considering the fact that a lot of women have the qualifications and expertise to occupy these roles, it is only normal to deduce that other factors than expertise play a role in how far any gender rises in the corporate world. It is a sad fact that women are viewed as second class citizens in corporate America as well as the rest of the world. To understand the social, historical and patriarchal reasons that makes this so falls under the domain of gender studies. This is why it is recommended that some sections or aspects of gender studies are integrated into mainstream education to raise the awareness worldwide. Here we come to the end of the second article in this installment covering the writing of a causal argumentative essay on gender studies. For further reading, we recommend checking out these articles: 10 facts for a causal argument essay on introduction to gender studies as well as receiving tips on writing a causal argument essay on introduction to gender studies. References: Probyn, E. (2001). Teaching in the Field: Gender and Feminist Media Studies. Feminist Media Studies, 1(1), pp.35-39. Gilligan, C. and Machoian, L. (2002). Learning to Speak the Language A Relational Interpretation or an Adolescent Girls Suicidality. Studies in Gender and Sexuality, 3(3), pp.321-341. Koutentakis, F. (2014). Gender Unemployment Dynamics: Evidence from Ten Advanced Economies. 29(1), pp.15-31. Mavisakalyan, A. (2015). Gender in Language and Gender in Employment. Oxford Development Studies, 43(4), pp.403-424. Dempsey, B. (2011). Gender Neutral Laws and Heterocentric Policies: â€Å"Domestic Abuse as Gender-Based Abuse† and Same-Sex Couples. Edinburgh Law Review, 15(3), pp.381-405. Terrance, C., Plumm, K. and Thomas, S. (2011). Perceptions of Domestic Violence in Heterosexual Relationships: Impact of Victim Gender and History of Response. Partner Abuse, 2(2), pp.208-223. Onoyase, A. (2016). The Impact of Gender, Family Type and Age on Undergraduate Parents’ Perception of Causes of Sexual Abuse. Higher Education Studies, 6(2), p.174.

Globalisation and Integration (clothes industry) essay Outline

Globalisation and Integration (clothes industry) essay - Outline Example disinterest, imbalance in the economic structure and downfall of local industries often remain unnoticed in the race of trendiness and fashion craze in the clothes industry (Graziani, 1998). Globalization and integration in the cloth industry has pushed back local manufacturers of textile products and has also augmented the trend of child labor in the development countries (Ramdass & Kruger, 2011). Tough, the evolution of technology and trade liberalism has benefited many companies, but there always remain a darker side of it which should be addressed to make it a truly beneficial industry for small enterprises and individuals too (Graziani, 1998). A common practice today in the cloth industries is the use of media for brand promotion. This is also the fruit of globalization and integration in businesses, which has shown enormous tools to reach the market first. This has increased customer awareness about all latest brands and design in the market and has given more flexibility in customer’s choice. Moreover, companies have been able to market internationally due to the technological enhancement which brings all the people at one common platform (Jan, 2009). The use of billboards’ advertisements and promotion through magazines, and social media gives more hype to the brand name and builds customer motivation. However, the matter of concern arises when the company charges extra to customers for covering their heavy expenditures of marketing and advertisements. Therefore, the same quality of product is then available at much higher prices than its actual cost (Jan, 2009). Taking parallel the rising competition in the market, companies cannot keep a big margin of profit in their textile products and thus chooses ways of child labor and minimal health precautions to reduce their overall expenditures. The term relocation has become very common in the cloth industrial, where a company takes services from developing and low economy countries for cheap labor

City of God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

City of God - Essay Example Among the emergent themes in the movie are urban crime, social network, education, urban slums, the lack of economic and social mobility, and the global city. These themes are presented through the lives of Rocket and Jose ‘Lil Ze’ who are in opposite paths in their lives’ but are both shackled to the city of their childhood. The torn down buildings and the dirty streets serve as the backdrop of the film’s storyline and the object of Rocket’s gritting photographs. In the Broken Window Principle, the idea is that one broken window will lead to many broken windows. In an experiment, the pristine condition of windows deters the commission of voluntarily shattering them. James Wilson and George Kelling write that the police play an important role in reclaiming their own authorities in streets that have been overrun by gang-related violence. This is further strengthened when the people see them as a partner in driving out those who commit organized crimes to return their communities to a peaceful state. â€Å"The process we call urban decay has occurred for centuries in every city... Earlier crime waves had a kind of built-in self-correcting mechanism: the determination of a neighborhood or community to reassert control over its turf† (4). Sadly, this was not shown in the film as corruption was a rampant attribute of the local police force. Zukin’s Whose Culture, Whose City? (75) with its setting in New York, reveals that public space is continually being privatized by corporate entitles, resulting in a cultural war within its streets. In this regard, it is equally important to look at the cultural relevance of urban decay with respect to education. It not only functions to develop the individual but the nation at large. For developing nations, education has a pivotal developmental role. In this movie, education in the developing Rio de Janeiro, is quite accessible but an extensive portion of the populace remained ignorant.

Article writing about corrlational stuies Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writing about corrlational stuies - Article Example Patrowski. Substantially, the researcher bases on general assumptions regarding ESL students and thus, tries to establish its validity. Apprehensions regarding learners who use minority language are deemed to be limited in their studies due to the perceived language barrier. The problem therefore is that they are oftentimes stuck in furthering ESL courses instead of attaining an elevated comprehensive learning experience. They become in essence improperly restricted in their apposite learning process. The 271 students were selected as they were part of the ESL program at CUNY. Primarily, the researcher chose them for their inclusion in the program. Another important aspect was the availability of their records to the researcher as they are within the same academic institution. The information collected by the researcher includes their entrance exam scores which integrated their aptitude in math, reading and composition. It also incorporates their ‘persistence’ which involves how they perform academically together with their diligence in pursuing tertiary education. The subjects were chosen perceptibly for their significance in what the author is trying to establish. He also recognizes that its relevance may be fragmentary as it is only focused in one university but he still maintain that it is of import in terms of the issue the research is trying to attain. In particular this is also because of the variance that is palpable in today’s ‘ethnolinguistically diverse institutions.’ Students’ success were measured by (1) their CPA or their cumulative grade point averages through a grading system based in the usual â€Å"4 point† system wherein O=F and 4=A and (2) based on six criterion. Referred to as â€Å"SCS rating† this composed of; completing their courses on development, a 2.0 GPA or higher, finishing their freshman papers, gaining the required 6 units Core Curriculum, a minimum 50 credits and a 70% attempted

Formal Authority

Formal Authority INTRODUCTION Authority is a defining feature of hierarchy. Authority in management is the formal or legitimate authority specified in a charter that gives a project manager the authority to act in the name of the sponsoring executive or on behalf of the organization. There are various types of authority according to different people. But they all seem to have a fundamental flaw that is they are unable to clearly distinguish between formal, informal authority and leadership. Formal authority is the authority provided by an organization or the law to an individual enabling him to carry out certain actions in accordance with his own will and without the need to consult others. Informal authority is the authority that the manager holds over his subordinates due to certain qualities that the subordinates value in him. A manager with good leadership skills has more informal authority as opposed to people with less leadership skills. It is a common perception that most organisations give formal authorit y to managers to direct and control the activities of their subordinates but this is not always true it depends on various other factors as well. One of the major factors that affect the type of authority given to managers is size of the organization usually smaller organizations have a system of authority whereas large organizations have a formal system of authority. FUNCTIONAL AUTHORITY Functional authority is authority delegated to an individual or department over specific activities undertaken by personnel in other departments. Staff managers may have functional authority, meaning that they can issue orders down the chain of command within the very narrow limits of their authority. For example, supervisors in a manufacturing plant may find that their immediate bosses have line authority over them, but that someone in corporate headquarters may also have line authority over some of their activities or decisions. Organizations create positions of functional authority to break the unity of command principle by having individuals report to two bosses. Functional authority allows specialization of skills and improved coordination. This concept was originally suggested by Frederick Taylor. He separated â€Å"planning†from â€Å"doing†by establishing a special department to relieve the labourer and the foreman from the work of planning. The role of the foreman became one of making sure that planned operations were carried out. The major problem of functional authority is overlapping relationships, which can be resolved by clearly designating to individuals which activities their immediate bosses have authority over and which activities are under the direction of someone else. THEORIES Fayol (1949) defined authority as the right to give orders and the power to extract obedience. He emphasised the importance of linking authority to responsibility, which together required increasing judgement and morality at senior levels. He justified higher pay for commercial managers in comparison with senior civil servants since, in his view, the latter exercised authority without responsibility. In general, he concluded that responsibility is feared as much as authority is sought after, and fear of responsibility paralyses much initiative and destroys many good qualities. FORMAL AUTHORITY IN A BANK Union National Bank in Abu Dhabi is an organization that exercises formal authority. As a manager in the bank i was provided with formal authority over a group of six employees and we were a part of the internal customer satisfaction survey department. One of the main reasons the bank believes in providing formal authority is so as to not concern people at higher positions with unimportant tasks. Another important aspect of formal authority is it reduces conflict among people in higher positions if still unable to completely remove it. The reason that there may still be conflicts is that though formal authority empowers managers to a certain degree the managers boss still has a say in the managers decision should he choose to. OVERVIEW OF UNION NATIONAL BANK Established as a Public Joint Stock Company in 1982, they are one of the leading domestic banks in the United Arab Emirates and are headquartered in Abu Dhabi. They offer a variety of products and services, addressing needs ranging from basic requirements of individuals to the more complex requirements of corporate entities. Electronic delivery channels, ably supported by an extensive network of Banking Centres spread across the emirates, offer greater banking convenience to their customers. They are the only bank that is jointly owned by the Governments of Abu Dhabi and Dubai. Their Chairman, H. H. Sheikh Nahayan Mabarak Al Nahayan, Minister of Education and Scientific Research, is well supported by their Board of Directorsthat consists of eminent business personalities and their Senior Managementteam which is made up of experienced professionals. Their Vision and Missionis clearly defined and their business strategy is well understood by all staff across the bank. Union Brokerage Company (UBC), one of the oldest brokerage firms in UAE is a subsidiary of UNB. Besides being a leading player in the Brokerage industry, it was among the first national companies to deal in the brokerage field in the country. Besides its head office in Khalidiya, Abu Dhabi, it has a well diversified branch network with 6 other branches at ADX, DFM, Al Ain, Al Dhafra, Fujairah and Gold Diamond Park, Dubai. The Al Wifaq Finance Company, a subsidiary of UNB has been established with the purpose of offering Sharia compliant financial, commercial and investing services to both organizations and individuals in compliance with the rules and principals of the Islamic Law As partof the Banks vision, to be â€Å"a key player in the region†, UNB has now a presence in the Egyptian banking sector through itssuccessful acquisition of the Alexandria Commercial and Maritime Bank. UNB is also reviewing other geographic locations for a presence or strategic alliances that will add to shareholder value. PERSONAL EXPERIENCES ON FORMAL AUTHORITY Though formal authority is considered to be authority provided by the organization or superior to an individual it is more often implied than anything else. When employees had issues with anything to do with the customer satisfaction department i had the authority to decide what was to be done. This greatly reduced the time taken for certain tasks to be done. As i had the authority to take decisions on issues such as upgrading of equipment or changes in software and other issues i did not have to elevate it to my boss. This helped also as i could take a better decision as i had more interaction with employees and knew their needs. If these problems had to be elevated to the higher management these issues could have taken a much longer time frame to get resolved. Also managers at the upper levels especially while working in large organizations that have branches at various parts of a country or the world are unable to clearly see the needs of each branch. Providing formal authority en ables a more personalized approach between employees and the organization. Also individual employee needs are better recognized by their immediate managers rather than managers at the top. At the same time there were certain issues that i faced as when i decided to implement a change in the questionnaire on the request of several employees i found that the management wanted to stick to the older pattern. This shows that formal authority is not always clearly outlined in an organization. Managers are unencumbered by management theory and standards established by others. Effective managers want to be in charge; they also possess an intrinsic desire to achieve substantial personal recognition and to earn that recognition based on their own merits. They never abuse power; they know that the corrupt use of power creates a vile corporate poison that can quickly spread throughout an entire organization and paralyze it. They thus practise humility and refrain from using their position to intimidate others. They can define and manage each situation or person with an appropriate leadership style. Example-they tend to treat their vice-presidents and line workers with the same level of respect, but through different approaches. Authority is the defining feature of hierarchy. The boss can restrict the subordinates actions, overturn his decisions, and even fire him (unless the bosss boss objects, in which case the boss herself may be fired). Tracing this chain of authority up the hierarchy, we eventually reach a person (sole proprietor) or group (shareholders) who can be thought of as owning all the decision rights in the organization. In short, formal authority resides at the top. Leading is one of principal managerial functions. Managers are suppose to be formal leaders because they have the authority to influence their subordinates and are expected to use it. They are officially responsible for outcome of their group. However, in an organization, not all managers are leaders, whether they have direct reports or not. In certain cases job description might demand strong leadership, on other hand leadership might not be major factor. However, in todays competitive world, most of the managerial jobs demand leadership qualities, inter personal and inter group interaction and a manager has to manage different type of responsibilities and roles. A leader influences other member of groups, leads group, and directs members towards its goals. A leader influences s ubordinates level of motivation, their performance and quality of their decisions. DISADVANTAGES OF FORMAL AUTHORITY Authority is a wily beast. In general it means that people will abide by your decisions. They will do what you want them to do. no manager can be effective with merely formal authority. True power comes from the trusting relationships that one forges with the people around him. He does this by being genuinely interested, and helpful. He commands attention by making lucid, compelling points, and acting decisively and transparently. Formal authority will not inspire people to do their best work with a happy heart. The best one can hope for with merely formal authority is grudging or indifferent acquiescence. We can easily become enamored with the â€Å"power of our positions.† Having people do what we tell them to do when we tell them to do it can have an intoxicating effect. Under such circumstances, too often our senses become dulled and we become oblivious to the dangers of formal authority. When authority â€Å"goes to our heads,† it becomes much too easy to disregard , or overlook entirely, critical input we might otherwise receive from peers, superiors and even clients. CONCLUSION From this essay we can conclude that formal authority is like a two sided coin it has its ups and downs. Also formal authority depends a lot on the situation and the organization. Smaller organizations may find that formal authority does not suit them whereas larger organizations may find that formal authority is better suited for them. At the same time larger organizations that have strict rules on company policies may find that formal authority conflicts their objectives. Every manager is unique thus formal authority may be needed by some managers to perform well whereas managers with strong leadership qualities may be able to perform well even in the absence of formal authority as they naturally have the respect and support of employees. Formal authority can be thought of as the right to command or compel another person to perform a certain act. Power is the ability to influence or cause a person to perform an act. It is possible for a manager to have formal authority without powe r, just as it is possible for a subordinate to have power without formal authority. The distinction between these terms may be significant for the manager, who may assume that his formal authority automatically gives him power but overlook the fact that his subordinates also have power, at times greater than his own. The manager in such a situation can encounter difficult and frustrating experiences without knowing why. The conventional view of leadership, formal and informal, can be seen as a confused mixture of leadership and management. Leadership can be seen as an occasional act rather than an ongoing role, a bit like creativity. On this view there is no such thing as formal leadership. Being in an organizational position of authority over others makes you a manager, not a leader. To be a leader, you need to be able to convince people to willingly follow some new direction. This means that there is formal and informal management but only informal leadership. Most managers show s ome leadership. The conventional view is that executives show leadership in two ways. By using their powers of persuasion, they influence people who report to them to take actions they would not otherwise take. The second way executives show leadership, on this view, is by making decisions that move the organization in new directions. However, we are gradually moving away from this concept of leadership, one based on formal authority. It is becoming increasingly recognized that making such decisions should be considered managerial actions. Managers can only lead by persuading people to act differently, either directly or by example. REFERENCES Baron, David P. and David Besanko: Information, Control, and Organizational Structure, Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 1, Summer 1992, 237-76. Barro, Robert J. and Paul M. Romer, 1987, Ski-Lift Pricing with Applications to Labor and Other Markets, American Economic Review, 77, 875-90. Ibarra, Herminia, 1993, Network Centrality, Power, and Innovation Involvement: Determinants of Technical and Administrative Roles, Academy of Management Journal, 36, 471-501. Jensen, Michael C. and William H. Meckling, 1992, Specific and General Knowledge, and Organizational Structure, in Lars Werin and Hans Wijkander eds. Contract Economics, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 251-74. Laffont, Jean-Jacques: Analysis of Hidden Gaming in a Three-Level Hierarchy, Journal of Law, Economic and Organization, 6, Fall 1990, 301-324. Mankiw, N. Gregory, 1985, Small Menu Costs and Large Business Cycles: A Macroeconomic Model of Monopoly, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 100, 529-39. Marschak, Jacob and Roy Radner, 1972, The Economic Theory of Teams, New Haven CT: Yale University Press. Milgrom, Paul and D. John Roberts, 1988, An Economic Approach to Influence Activities in Organizations, American Journal of Sociology, 94 (Supplement), S154-S179. Pfeffer, Jeffrey, 1981, Power in Organizations, Marshfield MA:Pitman.

INFLUENZA Essay -- essays research papers fc

Influenza, also known as â€Å"the flu,† is a virus that infects the respiratory tract. Although Influenza is not as severe as many viral infections it's almost the worst for viral infections of the respiratory tract. Typically, when someone is infected with influenza they experience fever (usually 100 ° to 103 °F in adults, but even higher in children) and causes a cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, and also headaches, muscle aches, and usually extreme tiredness. There are sometimes other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea but usually only in rare cases with young children. One other note: The term â€Å"Stomach flu† isn’t really caused by the influenza virus. The average recovery time from the flu is about 1-2 weeks, although some patients do develop more severe complications such as pneumonia, which are capable of being life threatening. On average, influenza is associated with more than 20,000 deaths nationwide and more than 100,000 hospitalizations. These are usually from patients who develop complications and they are usually children or the elderly, although complications can develop at any age. There are three types of influenza viruses, Groups A, B, and C. Only Groups A and B are responsible for causing the epidemics of flu that occur almost every year. Influenza C is different in several ways because it causes mild to no symptoms and doesn’t cause the yearly epidemics. Scientists put out most of their effort to control influenza A and B because of their huge impact on the nation and the world. Influenza type A viruses have two proteins that determine their specific type. Take Influenza A(H1N1) the H stands for hemagglutinin and the N stands for neuraminidase. The current types of Influenza A are A(H1N1) and A(H3N2). Influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and Influenza B strains are included in each year’s vaccines. Influenza A viruses are very hard to control because they undergo changes, making it harder for human’s immune systems to detect them. There are two types of changes. The first is a series of mutations that occur over time and cause a gradual change in the virus. This is called antigenic â€Å"drift.† This process allows the virus to make a more stable change yet still evade the immune system. The second type of change is an abrupt change in the hemagglutinin and/or the neuraminidase proteins. This is called antigenic "shift.† It isn’t as s... ...uenza vaccines, since the vaccine is prepared from influenza grown in eggs. The most common side effect is mild soreness at the injection site. Serious side effects such as such as life-threatening allergic reactions or Guilain-Barre syndrome are rare (fewer than 1to 2 cases per million vaccine recipients). Although the virus will continue to change and we will continue to try to defeat it, we never will. Just in the past three years two new strains have been discovered but were isolated and wiped out quickly. Maybe next time we won’t be so lucky but maybe we will. After all, it’s only the flu and humans didn’t get this far by worrying about it. Works Cited (I did it in MLA Format so be happy):P References: â€Å"Influenza A(H5N1).† Who.gov. Online. January, 1998. â€Å"Isolation of Avian Influenza A(H5N10 Viruses from Humans.† CDC.Gov. Online. Hong Kong, May-December, 1997. Larson, Erik. â€Å"The Flu Hunters.† TIME. February 23, 1998. Britannica.com. Simao, Paul. â€Å"Flu Season.† Rueters. Thursday March 22, 2001. Britannica.com. Stannard, Linda M. â€Å"Influenza Virus.† 1995. Uct.ac.za. By Grant Wade April 22, 2001 Fayetteville, Arkansas Email me at Buzbom99@aol.com if you use this paper please.

Why does Prager say that “suddenly a lot of things made sense” when she discovered that Barbie was designed by a man? Is she referring here only to Barbie’s looks?

Emily had doubts whether the Barbie Doll could have been designed by a woman. Barbie’s body – by proportion, a 23-inch waistline and 39-inch bust line – is unrealistic, and no woman could have this body. She notes millions of women facing eating disorders after trying to achieve bodies sexy as Barbie’s.Hence, she found sense that a man could have designed Barbie. Men are often blamed by feminists for their double standards against women. As part of the gender inequality in society, women are defined by their sexuality and beauty, while men are not.Thus, Barbie was designed as someone epitomized to have the perfect, sexual body. 2. Are we supposed to believe the claims that Prager makes in paragraph 4? What is the point she is trying to make? Paragraph four states: I don't mean to step on anyone's toes here. I loved my Barbie. Secretly, I still believe that neon pink and turquoise blue are the only colors in which to decorate a duplex condo. And like many o thers of my generation, I've never married, simply because I cannot find a man who looks as good in clam diggers as Ken.Ms. Prager emphasizes that, just like most of girls, she loved her Barbie dolls. The miniature houses coming with those dolls were in pink and turquoise. She remembered her fantasies as a child playing with Barbies, and meeting the man of her dreams, someone as perfect as Ken. The point Ms. Prager is trying make is that just like all other women she was enamored with Barbie dolls as a kid. She clarifies she’s not trying to confront with Barbie fans as she was a fan herself. 3. What is Prager’s DEFINITION of a feminist in this essay?Where do you find this definition? According to Ms. Prager, Barbie came about simultaneously with her consciousness of the feminist movement. She defines feminist in her essays as women seeking equality with men. Women, many feminists have complained, are treated by men as sexual objects, or objects themselves. They are jus t the object of men’s desires. With the Barbie doll, who has the perfect figure, women end up wasting a lifetime trying to achieve a perfect figure, to no avail. 4. What is Prager’s Thesis. Ms.Prager’s thesis is to eliminate our double standards in gender. She asserts that women should not be devalued, oppressed, and or treated as mere objects. She cites, among other things, Ken’s genitals being concealed while Barbie’s exposed to the fullest. She adds women are required to achieve a perfect figure, while men are not. She insists women should be treated like men in the real world, i. e. defined by their education, their work, or how they help society. The same standards for men and women should be set.

The History Of Mayan Math Example

The History Of Mayan Math Example The History Of Mayan Math – Term Paper Example Mayans used a sophisticated number system known as Vigesimal. Mayans developed this complex form of mathematics due to the importance of both the calendar and astronomy in their culture. This Mayan system is to base 20 presumably from counting of toes and fingers. This is a bit complex compared to our system as we rely on a system that is only to base 10. The Mayans were able to work with very large numbers using 3 symbols only: a shell shape (representing a zero), a dot- representing one and a bar (representing 5). Just like the system we use today, they also used the place value system to express very large numbers; however they arranged the place values vertically. In the Vigesimal system, the second number is 20 times the numeral while the third place is 400 times the numeral. In our system today, the second number has a value 20 times the numeral. For instance, in the value 22- the first 2 is ten times the second 2. Another important fact to note is borrowing and carrying forwar d is only done when 20 is reached and not 10, as is practiced today. This system did not require too much literacy and was therefore extensively used in marketplaces by the illiterate. Combinations of items like pebbles, cacao beans, sticks and small bones could be used to express the numbers and simple arithmetic operations computed. Despite not knowing the concept of fractions, the Mayans discovered the importance of zero in mathematics at a time when Europe was still suffering with the Roman system that did not have a zero.Mayans put this complex mathematical system into use in astronomy and calendar. Through observations, they studied the stars and sky, keeping track of the movements of stars, planets and the sun. Once they recorded and mastered the movements of the sun and the weather changes that they experienced in each location of the sun, they came up with their seasons. They used this concept in agriculture. They discovered that decrease in the distance between the equator and the sun, symbolized the growing season and the end of a season represented harvesting period.There were two calendars in the Mayan civilization: Tzolkin and Haab. The former comprised 260 days while the latter comprised 365 days. Both calendars comprised of months with 20 days, therefore Tzolkin had 13 months while Haab had 18 months. The moths were numbered from 0 to 19. In the Tzolkin calendar, months were named after their 13 gods while in Haab calendar, months were named after religious and agricultural events. It is speculated that Mayans may have lived in the tropics and may have experienced overhead sun twice each year. They therefore may have measured 260 days and an additional 105 days for them to experience overhead sun.

4 Tips On Making Your Movie Review from EssaySupply.com

4 Tips On Making Your Movie Review How to write a movie review For many people, a review can be the making or breaking point of a movie as it is used to help the reader, or in other terms, a potential audience member gains insight about the film. Even the simplest phrase such as "The best" or "The worst" can be the words that help the potential viewer and audience member decide whether or not they will see the film. As a review writer or reviewer, your job is to give your opinion, as well as help the reader decide whether or not they should see the movie for themselves. These are a few tips on how to write an insightful movie review with many high-quality details. Always watch the film first We've all seen this at least once. An article stating that a film that hasn't even come out yet is saying the movie is one of the best films ever to be produced. Or they use phrases and keywords that make it obvious they had never even watched the movie. This can be a huge turn off to an audience as they want to feel as though the opinion is honest about the film they want to watch. So don't base your opinions on what you hear, instead, take a couple of hours to watch the movie once for entertainment, and if you need to get once again a better opinion of it. Find out who your audience is All films are made with a different audience in mind, some differing with only minor details while others differ majorly. For example, you may write a movie review about "300" from an entirely different standpoint if your audience was a group of theater arts students instead of history students. A simple change can completely switch your mindset, and instead of thinking along the terms of "Is this historically accurate" or "did they dress that way." By changing the audience to theater students you begin to think in terms such as "Why did they choose to film there" or "why did they choose to kill those characters, but not those characters." Don't criticize or praise without detail We can all say whether or not a movie is good or bad. However, the reviewer wants to know why. Instead of saying "This movie was too long." Say something along the lines of, "There were too many subplots that pulled away from the actual story" or "Much of the dialogue could have been cut out and it wouldn't have made much of a difference." Even praise shouldn't exist without particular reason or insight. If you find a movie to be wonderfully entertaining, you may be tempted to write how great it was with no hesitation. However, you should still review it from a critique from a standpoint. Instead of saying something along the lines of "This movie was so fantastic, everyone should see it." You may want to say something like, "I enjoyed this film, it was quick to pull me into the story and kept me on the edge of my seat." to give your audience a more exact reason to see the film. Research the filmmaker Find out what other films they have made, take in the details of each film and how they improved with each film. Even use comparisons, by using phrases such as "One of the best films since his last feature presentation hit." or "The film was obviously an attempted repeat of their classic film" to allow the audience to derive a particular viewpoint on the movie based on the words you give them. Following these easy steps allows to learn fast how to make a movie review, or a small reminder for those who alraedy familiar with the assignment.

Thomas Hobbes's and Machiavelli's political theories Essay

Thomas Hobbes's and Machiavelli's political theories - Essay Example This is contrary to the teaching of Machiavellian that denounced ruthlessness and manipulation as a way of gaining power to control the masses. Machiavelli insisted that one should earn power and not to inherit. However, in most parts of the world power has been inherited and revolved within a lineage. In his book the prince, Machiavelli unequivocally states how political power should be used for the benefit of the people and how that power can be maintained. He cites the examples from his personal experiences and those from the ancient texts. Whereas he did not talk about what qualities a leader should posses, Machiavelli was keen to indicate that any method engaged by the ruler should factor in the fact that the state of the mind is not altered. In this regard, he did set the limits within which he believed gaining controlled should be checked. It will thus be construed that the cliche-the end justifies the means has been used in the most simplified manner considering the context o f his philosophical statement. Pragmatism and realism were the pillars of his philosophy, he also understood that ideals were impossible partake on as ruler. The philosophical work of Machiavelli has immensely contributed and accounted for the political manipulation seen. ... The head of the body in this case being the government that is charged with the responsibility to govern the people. In this case, the head and the body are expected to have coordination in which whatever the head does, the body must be aware of it through the transmitted effect or what may be referred to the trickledown effect. The head and the body are expected to have communication and when the head is ailing, the body too has to ail. This analogy was taken to the political scenario in which, what the government is doing has direct consequences to the people whom it is charged with the responsibility of governing. The implication the term body politics is to express the opinion that the people the government and the people are considered as one just like the body and the head do forms one thing. In some cases, sections of people have tried to redefine the term by saying that the term means exclusively the government alone. The intention of the statement is that a healthy governmen t should have the capacity to make conscious focus just like a healthy body (Hobbes, and Martinich 108). The people are regarded as a stake in the context of the head and the body as proposed by Hobbes to the extent that they are construed to constitute what is critical in the society. Though this may not be seen as a naive way of looking at the matter, it should also be considered that at times the government do exist and operate whimsically on the wishes of the people. It is thus important to note that the people’s opinion about the government may have significant impact and that in the event that the peoples turn violent, the government will have to be disrupted in its daily operation. The cordial

Assessment and intervention in Addiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Assessment and intervention in Addiction - Essay Example Paul, a 27 year old, has been an injecting drug user and has been presented at a local Alcohol and Drug Assessment Service, six weeks after release from prison. He opposes treatment but attendance is a condition of his parole and has numerous convictions for burglary, assault and possession of drugs for supply. Paul has been convicted for burglary, assault and possessions of cannabis, numerously. Initially, he had had a motor cycle accident at 19 and has not worked since. Since then, he has had anger and impulse control problems. Assessment reveals that Paul had no specific plans to harm anyone in particular, but possesses a firearm and states his willingness to shoot himself and others with him. The head injury also left him prone to anger, impulse control problems, short-term memory impairment, poor concentration and inability to work. Paul has a history of childhood conduct disorder and abuse of drugs and substances such as alcohol and cannabis, benzodiazepines and polydrug. He also used intravenous opioids regularly from 19 years of age and continues to use cannabis daily and occasional benzodiazepines. On direct questioning, Paul has admitted to depressive symptoms since his most recent incarceration, and met DSM IV-R criteria for a diagnosis of Major Depressive Episode over the past six weeks. The patient is also hepatitis C positive and admits to having shared needles, besides engaging in unprotected sex especially when using benzodiazepines. He has also had little contact with his family and lives with friends who use intravenous opioids on a daily basis. From the foregoing it is clear that there may have been correlations between the prevailing affairs in Paul’s social environment and his penchant for substance reliance and drugs abuse. This is underscored by the fact that Paul began to engage in drugs abuse and substance reliance at a relatively young age. Particularly, Paul has a history of childhood drugs and substances abuse of such as alcohol

Public Administration;managing sustainable communities. Midterm exam Essay

Public Administration;managing sustainable communities. Midterm exam - Essay Example This organic kind of development was to accommodate 30,000 citizens within roughly 6,000 acres. A major transport route connected to every division. Stops were situated within the heart of activity, linking each region. Government structures were held within special consideration and they were provided with the locations that seemed or were believed to be the most prominent and easy access. Ebenezer Howard is the founder of Letchworth Garden City and the Garden City movement. In the year 1898, Ebenezer Howard was disgusted at the very distasteful living and functioning conditions within the belatedly 19th Century cities and municipalities. He wrote a manuscript outlining his notions for a totally new system of livelihood. The paperback, Tomorrow, A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, was afterward published again as Garden Cities of Tomorrow in the year 1902. According to McKenzie (1996), Howard envisioned building his Garden City from scratch on an undeveloped six-thousand-acre plot of land. At the center would be a city one thousand acres in area, along with roughly one-and-one-half within diameter. The city is depicted as circular, and crossed from center to circumference by six wide boulevards. At the center would be a five-and-one-half-acre Central Park surrounded by public buildings such as the town hall. Around this park would run a circular Crystal Palace, a glass arcade not unlike the modern shopping mall. Outside this arcade a series of circular streets lined with trees, houses, schools, and gardens would encircle the center. At the edge of the circular city would be the industries, the factories, warehouses, and coal and timber yards, all of which would face outward onto a circular railway encompassing the town and delivering goods to and from the city and its businesses. Outside this perimeter would be a five-thousand-acre belt of agricultural land that would be home to an additional two thousand people engaged in farming. This greenbelt,

Finally, Obama is President Essay Example for Free

Finally, Obama is President Essay The American people has sworn into office the most unlikely man of all – African-American, the son of a Kenyan father and a white mother, but possessed in himself the capacity to bind different sectors of American society in believing that Change can really happen, that a return to the old ways is not the path in the next few years of the proud and mighty American people. Today, on the 20th of January, 2009, Barack Obama is the 44th President of the United States of America, the land of the free, and truly the land where perhaps anything is possible. In his speech, Barack Obama touched upon many ideas – of freedom, of the need to continue remembering the past as the guidepost of the future, of the need to expose false world leaders that cling to power through the silencing of dissent and corruption – but none perhaps would be most remembered than his attribution to our nation’s rich historic fabric, which is now shaping the current political discourse under the new Obama administration. Obama mentioned the American war struggles, to wit – For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sahn. Obama made reference to the great wars our people fought – Concord as one of the greatest battles during the American Revolution against the British Empire; Gettysburg as the site of the bloodiest civil war battle between the Union and Confederacy; Normandy as the landing site of American troops involved in the Western front of World War II; and Khe Sanh, as the venue of our soldiers’ valiant stand against Vietnamese troops in South Vietnam. Obama used these historic references of war to remind the people of the collective struggle of the American people in pursuit of democracy, not only its establishment in American soil, but to spread and extol its virtues around the world – defense of democracy against British colonialism, German fascism, Soviet-proxy communism, perhaps even against the racism and white supremacist tendencies of the Confederate states. As to the truth of the reference to the actual history, no one can deny the blood and sweat and lives which the American people sacrificed for our own democratic ideal. We have sent the best and brightest of our men and women into the different theaters of war in order that our way of life as a nation may be preserved, and contribute into the building of a democratic internationalism around the world, from the dismantling of fascism in the aftermath of World War II, to the discrediting and eventual collapsing of the Soviet Union in 1991. Had it not been for Normandy, together with other Allied powers including the Soviet Union fighting in both the Western and Eastern fronts, World War II would have all been lost under the might of the Third Reich. Had it not been for Concord and Lexington, American democracy as we know it might not have been ever established, where there exists co-equal three branches of government with check-and-balance powers, and individual freedoms such as the right to assembly and the right to petition government for redress of grievances might have never been codified. Had it not been for Vietnam, our people would never have known that not all wars are just and necessary, and some wars are in pursuit of an aggressive military agenda, serving no purpose save for being a proxy war with the Soviet Union. Had it not been for Gettysburg and the American Civil War, the struggle for the abolition of slavery may have waited a little longer, allowing perhaps the continuing treatment of African-Americans as mere chattel. Barack Obama’s use of these historic references serves to prove that his presidency is nothing short but historic, albeit a revolutionary administration that shall sweep the country off its feet, in the same manner as all these historic references had – in changing to the core the politics, economy, and culture of our country. In light of the deepening economic crisis we are facing today, it is true that Obama and the American people deserve nothing short but revolutionary changes in order for us to rise above the quagmire of recession. If Obama needs to sequester erring banks for mismanaging the funds of the people, he must do so to save the American economy. If he must further bail-out the different basic industries of the country such as the automotive industry in order for it to continue functioning as stable American brands, he must do so too. If he must leave the war in Iraq to concentrate on the real war in Afghanistan and the rising Al-Qaeda threat, he must be as resolute as the American soldiers who recovered the France town-after-town from the German Army. What is most important in his historical referencing to our own great wars and battles would be the role of the American people in all of these revolutionary changes, that he unflinchingly said, to wit – Time and again, these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction. In his speech, he always glorified the necessary role of the American people in changing American society. It was not through leaders like him, nor policymakers and generals of old, do we win our wars and battles, but through the collective resolve and action of our people. It is the American people that create their history, not great men. Referencing Today’s Recession With the Great Depression April 2, 2009 The past few days, leaders of the different states from all parts of the globe attended the G20 Summit in London to discuss the ways and means by which the world may find itself out of the current global financial meltdown straddling economic growth not only in the industrialized world but is not affecting much of the developing countries as well. Barack Obama, in his speech reminded the world to cease involving itself with greater protectionism that only through believing in the glory of free-but-now regulated market can the world find itself out of the economic mess it finds itself in. He even mentioned the Great Depression, to wit – Now, just keep in mind some historical context. Faced with similar global challenges in the past, the world was slow to act, and people paid an enormous price. That was true in the Great Depression, when nations prolonged and worsened the crisis by turning inward, waiting for more than a decade to meet the challenge together. Even as recently as the 1980s, the slow global response deepened and widened a debt crisis in Latin America that pushed millions into poverty. What is most interesting for our purposes today is the constant referencing of today’s crisis to the American Great Depression of the 1930s, where millions of Americans lost their jobs, banks closed and severe internal migration among Americans ensued. The Great Depression of the 1930s is being used as a reference to describe the gravity of the economic recession faced by the country and the world today. The news is replete of its effects at present – massive retrenchments and lay-offs, the closure of factory and once mighty businesses, the foreclosure of homes, the inability of parents and students to pay college tuition, the closure of banks and the general absence of confidence in our markets. Scenes of the Great Depression are repeated again and again, with pictures of the infamous Great Crash of 1929 played and replayed in cable news channels juxtaposed with references to the current state of economic affairs. If the question is whether, there exists a one-to-one correspondence with regard to the gravity of the circumstances of both the Great Depression and today’s recession, we cannot say yet at the moment, as we still stand at a point of historical equipoise, due to the continuing crisis ravaging the American economy. However, the historic reference with regard to describing almost the same economic situation of today and the Great Depression is correct, as the latter was also a global economic downturn, and completely showed how far the free market can fall, and what its effects on the people may be. Like the Great Depression, the present crisis is broad-ranging in scope, as it affected not only the stockbrokers, bankers, hedge fund managers, among other financial professionals and investors, but it also damaged the American lower- and middle-classes whose houses were foreclosed and their education loans sapped, due to many factors, such as fund mismanagement by creditors, eventual unemployment, among others. Even the economic remedies being proposed at this moment, such as the financial bail-out and the general trend towards greater government spending and regulation are hallmarks of the Great Depression, with Keynesianism becoming a relevant economic theory once again, signaling a clear break from the mainstream neo-liberal economic thought that demanded less government intervention in the economy to keep the market free. The Keynesian idea was simple, and is alarmingly true even today when viewed with the current economic policies set by the Obama administration to keep people fully employed, governments have to run deficits when the economy is slowing because the private sector will not invest enough to increase production and reverse the recession. At this moment, the Obama administration has a trillion-dollar spending plan to pump-prime the economy at a time when markets are most reluctant to part with their investment money. As to whether this shall trigger an eventual reverse from the downtrend, we will know soon enough. The use of the Great Depression in the contemporary moment serves a dual purpose – to state concretely the dire situation the American people faces today and warn the nation from being drowned in complacency and disbelief, and to serve as a reminder that there is no crisis that the American people failed to withstand, that at the end of these dark nights of recession, a New Deal shall soon be implemented and with all our help, we shall overcome as we have had in the past. Images of past crises have been powerful enough to rouse the people into meaningful action – the spectre of Nazi and Soviet invasion in American soil threatening our way of life was enough to convince much of American men to enlist in the fight against fascism in World War II and in the Korean and Vietnam wars during the Cold War era. The images of internal human migration, hunger, unemployment, destitute citizens with no bread on the table through the Great Depression, in like manner, serve its clear political objective – inform the people of the reality of the economic situation, but nonetheless challenge them to become patriots and contribute to the building of the nation amid the ravages of the present recession. The State of the Union Address February 25, 2009 On the 25th of February 2009, a little over a month since being inaugurated as the 44th President of the United States of America, President Barack Obama addressed the nation, its Congress and unleashed his economic reform agenda to combat the deepening economic recession. In answer to the growing cynicism that government must keep its hands off the economy and retain the old neoliberal economic model, President Obama stated clearly that government has a role to play in ‘laying the foundations of our common prosperity. ’ In furthering his point, he turned to historic policies that shaped the country as we weathered from crisis-to-crisis, to wit – For history tells a different story. History reminds us that at every moment of economic upheaval and transformation, this nation has responded with bold action and big ideas. In the midst of civil war, we laid railroad tracks from one coast to another that spurred commerce and industry. From the turmoil of the Industrial Revolution came a system of public high schools that prepared our citizens for a new age. In the wake of war and depression, the GI Bill sent a generation to college and created the largest middle class in history. And a twilight struggle for freedom led to a nation of highways, an American on the moon, and an explosion of technology that still shapes our world. In this excerpt, President Obama makes several historical references to different socio-economic milestones in American society that were achieved despite political and economic difficulties. Obama posits that in the middle of the military offensives between Union and Confederate forces, the foundations of the modern American railroad system were laid. He states that from the American public school system was born from the push-and-pull of the Industrial Revolution. He asserts that the GI Bill was responsible for educating war veterans who were fresh from our victories in Europe and the Pacific. He also says that amid the Cold War with the Soviet Union, the nation was able to establish the Interstate Highway System, send Neil Armstrong and company to the moon, and facilitate a growth in science and technology. These historical references were used to again highlight the greatness and resilience of the American people amid crisis situations like the economic recession we face today, creating images of hope that we shall all overcome soon enough. The references were also used to add historic weight to his new economic agenda, which included the one-trillion dollar stimulus package, a pump-priming plan different from the seven-hundred billion dollar bail-out plan of the Bush administration. The historic milestones were used to buttress the point that his own economic agenda shall be a milestone in itself, given the chance and support of Congress and the American people. As a general statement on the integrity of the historic reference, these were well researched assertions, somewhat intimating a causal relationship between crises and economic milestones. It is a fact that it was during the civil war when Abraham Lincoln signed the Pacific Railway Act in 1862, a statute that authorized the creation of a transcontinental railway. It is true that due to the onslaught of the Cold War, (1) Dwight Eisenhower envisioned the creation of an Interstate Highway System to help in the deployment of supplies to military troop in the event of an invasion, (2) the space race prompted NASA to fast-track research on space travel, and soon after laid the stimulus for greater technology research. He was also correct in his assertion that the GI Bill indeed provided college and vocational education to returning war veterans, notwithstanding other benefits. Again, as in the previous entries with regard to the historical references of the Obama Presidency, President Obama uses these historic references to draw attention to his own making of history, as the President of the US amid a recession, in the mold of Lincoln, Eisenhower, Roosevelt. On the other hand, the historical references again serve as a reminder to the American people that amid the global economic recession – they shall overcome, that despite the foreclosure of homes, the retrenchment of jobs, and the closure of banks, historic reforms shall soon be in place to ensure that the economic milestones of decades past shall not be reversed fully and that our people may continue enjoying the fruits of our democratic ideals. The historical references also show that we only have to turn to our own past and history as a nation to determine that a decisive remedy for our economic woes shall soon be in sight. It appeals to the patriotic nature of a great number of our fellow Americans, where nativist tendencies continue to linger, particularly in America’s heartland areas. Moreover, President Obama’s historical references are consistent with his unrelenting call for collective action and unity amid the crisis, because none of those achievements would have been possibly without the labor and support of the people themselves. None of those were ever achieved by the single stroke of a President’s pen nor the policymaker’s brief, but was perfected by the sacrifices of men and women in American history. Obama on the Use of Nuclear Weapons Prague, Czech Republic April 5, 2009 On the fifth of April, 2009, fresh from the G20 Summit on the global economic crisis, President Barack Obama delivered a speech on his policy on nuclear weapons. He acknowledged the dangers posed by the production, proliferation and use of nuclear weapons, and has pledged to ensure that international law measures shall be put in place in pursuit of preventing its production, spread and use among states, and more importantly, illegal trading among terrorists in the black market of secrets and even excess warheads from former Soviet satellites. He proposed a strengthening of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, an escalation of a US-Russia bilateral treaty on the reduction of dangerous weapons, protective measures against proliferation of materials for the production of weapons-grade uranium, among many other proposals that have roused the Czech public into countless applause. On the other hand, he acknowledge the right of Iran for the peaceful use of nuclear energy, subject to strict inspections but warned the Islamic Republic from forcibly pursuing nuclear and ballistic weapons, as it would only further its isolation from the rest of the community of nations. In view of this policy context, President Obama referred back to the origins of the arms race between the US and the Soviet Union to show the unjustness of the very existence of these weapons, to wit – The existence of thousands of nuclear weapons is the most dangerous legacy of the Cold War. No nuclear war was fought between the United States and the Soviet Union, but generations lived with the knowledge that their world could be erased in a single flash of light. Cities like Prague that existed for centuries, that embodied the beauty and the talent of so much of humanity, would have ceased to exist. The historical reference here is the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, which started in the aftermath of World War II, when the world was fiercely divided between the camps espousing capitalist democracy as represented by the Americans, and the socialist camp as led by the Soviet Union. While no bullets were ever shot during the entire course of the War from the late 40s to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, both states were engaged in proxy wars in different third world countries, such as Korea in the 1950s where the US sided with the South and the Soviets provided support to the North’s Kim Il Sung. More importantly, the entire period of the Cold War was also the venue for the arms and space race between the two great powers, in which both camps sought to produce the most powerful weapons and rockets, including those of the nuclear kind. In the course of the War, both camps produced an overwhelming array of nuclear weapons, in order to check on each other’s growing military might. The use of the historical reference was more to warn the world of the horrors of a prospective nuclear war, and that his government shall never be a party to such a war, notwithstanding taking concrete measures to ensure that the very fissile materials to be used in producing weapons-grade nuclear power shall never be placed in the wrong hands. Moreover, his references to the Cold War nuclear race were also done to buttress his position on the other uses of nuclear technology such as the production of electricity, which Iran, as a sovereign state, may fully do. President Obama was correct in his depiction of a nuclear war which may destroy entire cities and civilizations. Even prior to the nuclear proliferation of the Cold War, the world was already a witness to the horrors of Nagasaki and Hiroshima, when American bomber planes dropped atomic bombs over these entire cities and vaporized a majority of its population. The paranoia of the world and the American people on threat of nuclear war was so great that different states sought the ratification of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, to pressure nuclear-wielding states, either to abandon their nuclear program fully or decrease the number of stockpiled nuclear weapons. With regard to the meaning of the historical reference as per the contemporary moment, he posits that the Cold War proliferation of nuclear weapons is one of the most dangerous consequences of the then bipolar world, in which all efforts must be done towards the reversal of such a situation, whether through consented desistance of nuclear-powered states, or through the creation of tougher and more engaging multi-lateral treaties dealing with the subject of nuclear weapons. Its meaning today is no different from the dangers that lurked in the use nuclear weapons in decades past, and President Obama is fully concerned that nuclear energy must remain in the hands of only those states that would harness its benefits peacefully and never in pursuit of aggressive military, even terrorist, objectives. References: 1. ___________. (2009). Transcript: Obamas G20 Press Conference. CBS News. Retrieved April 2, 2009 from http://www. cbsnews. com/stories/2009/04/02/politics/100days/worldaffairs/main491 4735. shtml? source=RSSattr=Politics_4914735 2. Obama, B. (2009). Prague Speech on Nuclear Weapons. Huffington Post. Retrieved April 5, 2009 from http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2009/04/05/obama-prague-speech-on- nu_n_183219. html. 3. Obama, B. (2009). Obama Inaugural Address. The New York Times. Retrieved January 22, 2009 from http://www. nytimes. com/2009/01/20/us/politics/20text- obama. html? _r=1. 4. Obama, B. (2009). Remarks of President Barack Obama Address to Joint Session of Congress. The White House Briefing Room. Retrieved February 27, 2009 from http://www. whitehouse. gov/the_press_office/remarks-of-president-barack-obama- address-to-joint-session-of-congress/. 5.